• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1997

We developed PC-based planning system for linear accelerator based stereotactic radiosurgery. The system was developed under Windows 95 on Pentium Pro$\^$(R) 200 ㎒ IBM PC with 128 MB RAM. It was programed using IDL$\^$(R)/ of Research Systems, Inc. as a programing tool. CT image data obtained with BRW stereotactic frame is transferred to PC through magnetoptical disk. As loading the image, the system automatically recognizes the location of rods and establishes stereotactic coordinates. It accurately calculates and corrects the coordinates, degree of tilting, and magnification rate of axial images. After the coordinates is defined we can delineate and edit the contours of target and organs of interest on axial images. Upon delineating contours of target, isocenter is determined automatically and we can set up the beam configuration for radiosurgery. The system provides beam's eye view and room's eye view for efficient confuguring of beams. The system calculates dose distribution 3-dimensionally. It takes 1 to 2 minutes to calculate dose distribution for 5 arcs. We can verify the dose distribution on serial axial images. We can analyze the dose distribution quantitatively by evaluation of dose-volume histogram of target and organ of interest. This system, PC-based radiosurgery planning system, includes the basic features for radiosurgery planning and calculates dose distribution within reasonable time for clinical application.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of preprocessing the transmitted energy spectrum data on development of a robust model to predict the sugar content in intact apples. The spectrum data were measured from 120 Fuji apple samples conveying at the speed of 2 apples per second. Computer algorithms of preprocessing methods such as MSC, SNV, first derivative, OSC and their combinations were developed and applied to the raw spectrum data set. The results indicated that correlation coefficients between the transmitted energy values at each wavelength and sugar contents of apples were significantly improved by the preprocessing of MSC and SNV in particular as compared with those of no-preprocessing. SEPs of the prediction models showed great difference depending on the preprocessing method of the raw spectrum data, the largest of 1.265%brix and the smallest of 0.507% brix. Such a result means that an appropriate preprocessing method corresponding to the characteristics of the spectrum data set should be found or developed for minimizing the prediction errors. It was observed that MSC and SNV are closely related to prediction accuracy, OSC is to number of PLS factors and the first derivative resulted in decrease of the prediction accuracy. A robust calibration model could be d3eveloped by the combined preprocessing of MSC and OSC, which showed that SEP=0.507%brix, bias=0.0327 and R2=0.8823.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.860-870
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• 2016

Continuous monitoring of environmental parameters provides farmers with useful information, which can improve the quality and productivity of crops grown in greenhouses. The objective of this study was to develop a greenhouse environment measurement system using a low-cost microcontroller with open-source software. Greenhouse environment parameters measured were air temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) concentration. The ranges of the temperature, relative humidity, and $CO_2$ concentration were -40 to $120^{\circ}C$, 0 to 100%, and 0 to 10,000 ppm, respectively. A $128{\times}64$ graphic LCD display was used for real-time monitoring of the greenhouse environments. An Arduino Uno R3 consisted of a USB interface for communicating with a computer, 6 analog inputs, and 14 digital input/output pins. A temperature/relative humidity sensor was connected to digital pins 2 and 3. A $CO_2$ sensor was connected to digital pins 12 and 13. The LCD was connected to digital pin 1 (TX). The sketches were programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). A measurement system including the Arduino board, sensors, and accessories was developed (totaling $244). Data for the environmental parameters in a venlo-type greenhouse were obtained using this system without any problems. We expect that the low-cost microcontroller using open-source software can be used for monitoring the environments of plastic greenhouses in Korea.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.409-419
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• 2007

Database community focuses on the similar music retrieval systems for music database when a humming query is given. One of the approaches is converting the midi data to time series, building their indices and performing the similarity search on them. Queries based on humming can be transformed to time series by using the known pitch detection algorithms. The recently suggested algorithm, scaled and warped matching, is based on dynamic time warping and uniform scaling. This paper proposes Humming BIRD(Humming Based sImilaR mini music retrieval system) using sliding window and center-aligned scaled and warped matching. Center-aligned scaled and warped matching is a mixed distance measure of center-aligned uniform scaling and time warping. The newly proposed measure gives tighter lower bound than previous ones which results in reduced search space. The empirical results show the superiority of this algorithm comparing the pruning power while it returns the same results.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-89
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• 2019

In order to come up with satisfying product and improvement, firms use traditional marketing research methods to obtain consumers' opinions and further try to reflect them. Recently, gathering data from consumer communication platforms like internet and SNS has become popular methods. Meanwhile, with the development of information technology, mobile companies are launching new digital products for children to protect them from harmful content and provide them with necessary functions and information. Among these digital products, Kids Phone, which is a wearable device with safe functions that enable parents to learn childern's location. Kids phone is relatively cheaper and simpler than smartphone but it is noted that there are several problems such as some useless functions and frequent breakdowns. This study analyzes the reviews of Kids phones from domestic mobile companies, identifies the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of the products, proposes improvement methods strategies for devices and services through SNS consumer analysis. In order to do that customer review data from online shopping malls was gathered and was further analyzed through text mining methods such as TF/IDF, Sentiment Analysis, and network analysis. Customer review data was gathered through crawling Online shopping Mall and Naver Blog/$Caf\acute{e}$. Data analysis and visualization was done using 'R', 'Textom', and 'Python'. Such analysis allowed us to figure out main issues and recent trends regarding kids phones and to suggest possible service improvement strategies based on sentiment analysis.

• Journal of the Health Care and Life Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

This study is a study on the possibility of using big data-related education programs in health and medical administration-related departments using health and medical big data. This paper intends to examine the health and medical big data from five perspectives. 1st, in addition to the aforementioned 'Health and Medical Big Data Open System', I would like to examine the characteristics and application technologies of public big data disclosed by 'Korea Welfare Panel', 'Public Big Data', 'Seoul City Big Data', 'Statistical Office Big Data', etc. 2nd, it is intended to examine the appropriateness of whether the applicable health and medical big data can be used as living data in regular subjects of health and medical administration and health information related departments of junior colleges. 3rd, we want to select the most appropriate tool for classroom lectures using existing statistical processing packages and programming languages. Fourth, finally, by using verified health and medical big data and appropriate tools, we want to test the possibility of expressing graphs, etc. in class and the steps from writing a report. 4th, I would like to describe the relative advantages of R language that can satisfy portability, installability, cost effectiveness, compatibility, and big data processing potential.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2012

Population dynamics of the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), were observed and modeled in order to compare the effects of air and tomato leaf temperatures inside a greenhouse using DYMEX model builder and simulator (pre-programed module based simulation programs developed by CSIRO, Australia). The DYMEX model simulator consisted of a series of modules with the parameters of temperature dependent development and oviposition models of L. trifolii were incorporated from pre-published data. Leaf surface temperatures of cherry tomato leaves (cv. 'Koko') were monitored according to three tomato plant positions (top, > 1.8 m above the ground level; middle, 0.9 - 1.2 m; bottom, 0.3 - 0.5 m) using an infrared temperature gun. Air temperature was monitored at the same three positions using a self-contained temperature logger. Data sets for the observed air temperature and average leaf surface temperatures were collected (top and bottom surfaces), and incorporated into the DYMEX simulator in order to compare the effects of air and leaf surface temperature on the population dynamics of L. trifolii. The initial population consisted of 50 eggs, which were laid by five female L. trifolii in early June. The number of L. trifolii larvae was counted by visual inspection of the tomato plants in order to verify the performance of DYMEX simulation. The egg, pupa, and adult stage of L. trifolii could not be counted due to its infeasible of visual inspection. A significant positive correlation between the observed and the predicted numbers of larvae was found when the leaf surface temperatures were incorporated into the DYMEX simulation (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), but no significant positive correlation was observed with air temperatures(r = 0.40, p = 0.18). This study demonstrated that the population dynamics of L. trifolii was affected greatly by the leaf temperatures, though to little discernible degree by the air temperatures, and thus the leaf surface temperature should be for a consideration in the management of L. trifolii within cherry tomato greenhouses.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.47-51
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• 2008

Objective: This study analyzed errors due to rotation or tilt of the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging indicator during image acquisition for a stereotactic radiosurgery. The error correction procedure of a commercially available stereotactic neurosurgery treatment planning program has been verified. Materials and Methods: Software virtual phantoms were built with stereotactic images generated by a commercial programming language, Interactive Data Language (version 5.5). The thickness of an image slice was 0.5 mm, pixel size was $0.5{\times}0.5mm$, field of view was 256 mm, and image resolution was $512{\times}512$. The images were generated under the DICOM 3.0 standard in order to be used with Leksell GammaPlan$^{(R)}$. For the verification of the rotation error correction function of Leksell GammaPlan$^{(R)}$, 45 measurement points were arranged in five axial planes. On each axial plane, there were nine measurement points along a square of length 100 mm. The center of the square was located on the z-axis and a measurement point was on the z-axis, too. Five axial planes were placed at z=-50.0, -30.0, 0.0, 30.0, 50.0 mm, respectively. The virtual phantom was rotated by $3^{\circ}$ around one of x, y, and z-axis. It was also rotated by $3^{\circ}$ around two axes of x, y, and z-axis, and rotated by $3^{\circ}$ along all three axes. The errors in the position of rotated measurement points were measured with Leksell GammaPlan$^{(R)}$ and the correction function was verified. Results: The image registration errors of the virtual phantom images was $0.1{\pm}0.1mm$ and it was within the requirement of stereotactic images. The maximum theoretical errors in position of measurement points were 2.6 mm for a rotation around one axis, 3.7 mm for a rotation around two axes, and 4.5 mm for a rotation around three axes. The measured errors in position was $0.1{\pm}0.1mm$ for a rotation around single axis, $0.2{\pm}0.2mm$ for double and triple axes. These small errors verified that the rotation error correction function of Leksell GammaPlan$^{(R)}$ is working fine. Conclusion: A virtual phantom was built to verify software functions of stereotactic neurosurgery treatment planning program. The error correction function of a commercial treatment planning program worked within nominal error range. The virtual phantom of this study can be applied in many other fields to verify various functions of treatment planning programs.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 2021

Multichannel automated chamber systems (MCACs) were developed for the continuous monitoring of soil CO2 efflux in forest ecosystems. The MCACs mainly consisted of four modules: eight soil chambers with lids that automatically open and close, an infrared CO2 analyzer equipped with eight multichannel gas samplers, an electronic controller with time-relay circuits, and a programmable logic datalogger. To examine the stability and reliability of the developed MCACs in the field during all seasons with a high temporal resolution, as well as the effects of temperature and soil water content on soil CO2 efflux rates, we continuously measured the soil CO2 efflux rates and micrometeorological factors at the Nam-san experimental site in a Quercus mongolica forest floor using the MCACs from January to December 2010. The diurnal and seasonal variations in soil CO2 efflux rates markedly followed the patterns of changes in temperature factors. During the entire experimental period, the soil CO2 efflux rates were strongly correlated with the temperature at a soil depth of 5 cm (r2 = 0.92) but were weakly correlated with the soil water content (r2 = 0.27). The annual sensitivity of soil CO2 efflux to temperature (Q10) in this forest ranged from 2.23 to 3.0, which was in agreement with other studies on temperate deciduous forests. The annual mean soil CO2 efflux measured by the MCACs was approximately 11.1 g CO2 m-2 day-1. These results indicate that the MCACs can be used for the continuous long-term measurements of soil CO2 efflux in the field and for simultaneously determining the impacts of micrometeorological factors.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.304-310
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• 2002

Novel charge trap type memory devices with reoxidized oxynitride gate dielectrics made by NO annealing and reoxidation process of initial oxide on substrate have been fabricated using 0.35 $\mu \textrm{m}$ retrograde twin well CMOS process. The feasibility for application as NVSM memory device and characteristics of traps have been investigated. For the fabrication of gate dielectric, initial oxide layer was grown by wet oxidation at $800^{\circ}C$ and it was reoxidized by wet oxidation at $800^{\circ}C$ after NO annealing to form the nitride layer for charge trap region for 30 minutes at $850^{\circ}C$. The programming conditions are possible in 11 V, 500 $\mu \textrm{s}$ for program and -13 V, 1ms for erase operation. The maximum memory window is 2.28 V. The retention is over 20 years in program state and about 28 hours in erase state, and the endurance is over $3 \times 10^3$P/E cycles. The lateral distributions of interface trap density and memory trap density have been determined by the single junction charge pumping technique. The maximum interface trap density and memory trap density are $4.5 \times 10^{10} \textrm{cm}^2$ and $3.7\times 10^{18}/\textrm{cm}^3$ respectively. After $10^3$ P/E cycles, interlace trap density increases to $2.3\times 10^{12} \textrm{cm}^2$ but memory charges decreases.