• Architectural research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2024

The use of clay bricks dates back to ancient Egypt. From the stamped clay tablets to the works of contemporary buildings, clay was significant building material for both cultural and pragmatic reasons. In the making of modern architecture in Egypt, Hassan Fathy employed clay as primary substance for building. This study demonstrates the use of clay bricks in ancient Egypt and in the works of Hassan Fathy. This study further exemplifies that the use of clay bricks is still valid in contemporary architecture in Upper Egypt and Siwa Oasis. The use of clay bricks provides structural durability and efficient insulation in the arid regions, and it also adheres to the vernacular building traditions. This paper proves that the use of clay bricks plays a crucial role in the making of modern architecture in Egypt for its pertinence in the historic continuity and practicality.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 2024

The primary goal was to assess how the addition of cement dust, a byproduct known to be harmful, could be used to stabilize clay. Various percentages of cement dust were added to soil samples, which were then subjected to triaxial testing at different rates of strain using an unconsolidated undrained triaxial machine. Six different rates of strain were applied to analyze the response of the clay under different conditions, resulting in 216 triaxial sample tests. As the percentage of cement dust in the clay samples increased, there was a noticeable increase in the strength properties of the clay, indicating a positive effect of cement dust on the clay's strength characteristics. Higher rates of strain during testing led to increased strength properties of the clay. Varying cement dust content influenced the impact of increasing the rate of strain on the clay's strength properties. Higher cement dust content reduced the sensitivity of the clay to changes in strain rate, indicating that the clay became less responsive to changes in strain rate as cement dust content increased. Potential for Clay Stabilization Cement dust proved the potential to enhance the strength properties of clay, indicating its potential utility in clay stabilization applications. Both higher percentages of cement dust and higher rates of strain were found to increase the clay's strength. It's essential to consider both the percentage of cement dust and the rate of strain when assessing the strength properties of clay in practical applications.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.107-123
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• 2010

Ground settlements and pore pressure changes were monitored around a shallow tunnel constructed in clay till during the excavation and primary lining installation. The settlements above the tunnel continued to develop for up to 100 days after the primary lining installation. Triaxial compression tests were carried out to estimate the short-term and long-term deformation characteristics of the till. Numerical simulation was conducted to history match the field measurements, and thus, to quantify the settlements induced by ground stress relief, consolidation and creep. It was found that the surface settlements due to ground stress relief, consolidation and creep are 17, 12 and 71% of total settlement (about 44 mm), respectively. In addition, early installation of rigid concrete lining could be an effective means to reduce the settlement due to creep.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.10-18
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• 2010

This research investigates the feasibility of ceramic specimens made from Primary clay and Red Hwangto with MSWI fly ash. Specimens preduced by mix-design maximum 20 wt% MSWI fly ash were analysed by SEM, UTM, ICP, etc. As a result of measurement,$P_{10}$ specimen was improved on bending strength and $R_5$ specimen was improved on compressive and bending strength. Also amount of extracted heavy metal was suitable for regulatory limits. This indicates that MSWI fly ash is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of ceramic materials in bricks.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.219-222
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• 2000

The purpose of this research was to investigate the general properties and main ingridients of Hwangtoh, which is the Korean loess. It is well known as a raw material of pottery shown to be widely scattered on the earth, especially in Korea. It belongs to primary clay that was found to be rich on mountain surface or field. In this study, XRF Spectral method was employed to analyze the chief ingredients of Hwangtoh, being found to consist of $43{\sim}50%\;SiO_2,\;2{\sim}34%\;Al_2O_3,\;2{\sim}3%\;Mg,\;2{\sim}3%\;Na\;and\;1{\sim}2%\;K$. The ferric oxide contents of Hwangtoh from San Chung, Ha Dong, Ko Ryung, Ouk Chong, Bang Gae and Song Kwang were 6.46, 7.96, 11.26, 9.36, 9.06 and 9.28 %, respectively. The general characteristics of Hwangtoh from different places were studied by determining the content of water and the capacity to maintain temperature. Based on the above results, Hwangtoh could be said to have better quality than primary clay of Kaolin dose, and also would be able to find an application in construction formulations.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.103-108
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• 2002

The viscosity effect of matrix polymer on melt exfoliation behavior of an organoclay in poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated. The viscosity of matrix polymer was controlled by changing the molecular weight of poly($\varepsilon$-eaprolactone), the processing temperature, and the rotor speed of a mini-molder. Applied shear stress facilitates the diffusion of polymer chains into the gallery of silicate layers by breaking silicate agglomerates down into smaller primary particles. When the viscosity of PCL is lower, silicate agglomerates are not perfectly broken into smaller primary particles. At higher viscosity, all of silicate agglomerates are broken down into primary particles, and finally into smaller nano-scale building blocks. It was also found that the degree of exfoliation of silicate layers is dependent upon not only the viscosity of matrix but thermodynamic variables.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

This study deals with the distribution of the clay minerals separated from clay fractions of ranch pastures in Korea and their chemical and mineralogical properties. Crystalline phases of the clay minerals were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and FT-IR spectra, and their relative chemical compositions were also analyzed by X-ray flourescence spectrometry (XRF). Primary minerals consisted mainly of quartz and mica and chlorite and kaolinite along with a trace of swelling micas were identified as secondary clay minerals. However, the relative content of these clay minerals was different with the locations, which led to significant effects on physical and chemical properties of soils like inorganic elemental composition. In particular, $SiO_2$ content was higher in Gochang ranch pasture than in other ranch pasture. Infrared (IR) spectra did not indicate any significant differences in organic functional groups among the locations. This study clearly showed that ranch pastures had different relative content of clay minerals and chemical properties depending on the location and consequently that those properties are worthy to be taken into account for soil amendment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.02a
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

Consolidation settlements on soft clay are often large and potentially damaging to structures. Currently, large-scale projects are in progress in Korea. These structures will be constructed on both thick and soft clay layers, and so the accurate evaluation of magnitude of settlement is required at every step in design and construction. Especially, secondary compression play an important role in consolidation settlements on soft clay. Generally, the magnitudes of secondary compression are evaluated by laboratory and in-situ consolidation tests or by empirical $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ relationships. The empirical $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ may not be only economical, but a fast and powerful tool in estimating secondary consolidation settlement. However, databases of the $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ relationship for sites in Korea are currently insufficient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$, on marine clay near the southern sea in Korea. In this study a series of incremental loading consolidation tests (measuring base pore water pressure) are performed. It was found that the $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ on undisturbed marine clay equaled 0.0397. This value is similar to the value proposed by Mesri and Castro(1987) for inorganic clay and silt. and silt. and silt.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.373-380
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• 1999

Consolidation settlements of soft clay are often large and potentially damaging to the structures. Currently, large-scale construction projects for airport and harbor etc. are in progress in Korea and many of these structures will be constructed on thick and soft clay layers. For this kind of ground condition, evaluation of consolidation settlement is required at every design and construction stages, and the magnitude of secondary compression appears to be larger than expected. Generally, the magnitude of secondary compression is evaluated by laboratory and in-situ consolidation tests or by empirical $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$, relationship. The use of empirical value $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ may be economical, fast and powerful tool in estimating secondary consolidation settlement. However, the databases of the $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$, for typical soft clays in Korea are insufficient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ on marine clay near the southern sea in Korea. A series of incremental loading consolidation tests with measurement of pore water pressure were performed. It was found that the $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ of undisturbed marine clay is 0.0397. This value is similar to that proposed by Mesri and Castro(1987) on inorganic clay and silt. and silt. and silt.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.813-818
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• 2016

Distribution of clay minerals separated from clay fraction of corn fields in Korea has been investigated along with their characterization. Crystalline phases of the clay minerals were identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and their relative chemical compositions were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The soils were found to have pH 6.4, organic matter $37.2g\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $599mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were 1.2, 7.3 and $1.8cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Major primary minerals consisted mainly of quartz and mica, and kaolinite and chlorite were identified as major secondary clay minerals. For most of soils, mica phase was identified to be muscovite rather than biotite. The average contents of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$ were 43.7, 23.6 and 8.8%, respectively, although they were different with the locations.