• 제목/요약/키워드: Price Dispersion

검색결과 41건 처리시간 0.021초

아크릴 수지 수용액에서의 Carbon black의 분산에 관한 연구 (Dispersion of Carbon Black in Acrylic Resin Aqueous Solution)

  • 오지만;김성빈;권대환
    • 한국인쇄학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.16-27
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    • 2002
  • Recently, the attraction for water-based ink is increasing, Because Solvent ink, based on organic solvent, cause bad effect on environment and rise the cost. Instead of organic solvent that cause environment pollution as well as cost-rise by rise of petroleum price, Binder based on alkali-soluble resin is popular and studied by many other country. However, in domestic, research and development for alkali-soluble resin is not like, because of lack of understanding environmental pollution and safety, therefor alkali-soluble resin development and research for the properties of the water-based ink used by alkali-soluble resin is not study very well. In this paper, we studied dispersion of carbon black in acrylic resin solution and the properties of water-based ink used by carbon black and acrylic binder.

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해외진출 국내 프랜차이즈기업의 조직특성 (Organizational Factors Facilitating the Internationalization of Korean Franchising Companies)

  • 임영균;이동휘;김희정
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.40-52
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    • 2009
  • Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.

    shows the summary statistics for hypotheses testing. In conclusion, the results show that the size and history, which are the key variables in resource-based theory, have a significant relationship with internationalization and that geographic area, which belongs to agency theory, also has a strong relationship with internationalization. The results support the findings of extant research and, therefore, prove the usefulness of resource-based theory and agency theory in explaining internationalization of franchising companies. However, growth rate and price-bonding do not show a clear difference between the two types of companies. Accordingly, these two factors need further attention in the future research. Although this study shows meaningful findings theoretically and practically, it has several limitations. First, only organizational factors are considered even if there are various environmental factors influencing franchising firm's internationalization. Second, only being internationalized or not is considered. That is, modes of entry and the size of foreign operations are not included in the study. Third, internationalization strategy is often determined based on the desire for business expansion and higher profitability and egoistical reasons of the CEOs. However, this type of factors belonging to behavioral science is not discussed in the study. Finally, organizational ecology perspective is usefully applicable in explaining the survival and performance of internationally operating companies. Accordingly, research propositions based on this perspective need to be developed and tested.

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  • The Effects of Intellectual Capital and Financial Leverage on Evaluating Market Performance

    • OBEIDAT, Samer;AL-TAMIMI, Khaled;HAJJAT, Emad
      • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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      • 제8권3호
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      • pp.201-208
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      • 2021
    • This study aimed to identify the key factors that affect the financial market performance (Price-Earnings Model) through a sample of 35 public shareholding industrial companies on the Amman Stock Exchange for the period 2010-2019, using statistical models and methods, such as the Simple Linear Regression Model, Correlation Coefficient, and dispersion board. The study results showed the nonexistence of a statistically significant effect between the intellectual capital and market value added (MVA) and market performance. Results also showed a statistically significant positive effect between financial leverage (FL) and the market performance, where the interpreted variation reached 64%. It showed from the analysis results that the relationship between (MVA) and market performance (P/E) agrees with the study hypotheses, while the result related to (FL) disagrees with the study hypotheses. The study recommends that public shareholding industrial companies should focus more on intellectual capital and show its value in the annual financial statements and reports, and those companies that have high profitability and the chance to hold gains and profits should rely less on debt and more on retained earnings, due to the high risk of debt and in line with the present unstable circumstances in Jordan, especially in light of the global Covid-19 crisis.

    노동조합과 임금구조 (Trade Union and Wage Structure)

    • 류재우
      • 노동경제논집
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      • 제30권1호
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      • pp.31-53
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      • 2007
    • 본 연구는 노동조합이 임금수준 및 분포에 미치는 효과를 우리나라의 제조업 생산직 남자 노동자를 중심으로 분석하였다. 임금수준에 대한 효과를 분석함에 있어서는 연립방정식을 사용하여 기업 특성을 충분히 통제한 위에 노조의 임금프리미엄을 정확하게 추정하고자 하였다. 노동조합과 기업의 수익성과의 관계에 관해서는 노동조합이 흑자를 얻고 있는 기업들의 수익성을 낮춘다는 사실이 확인되었다. 임금수준에 관해서는 노조가 있는 기업의 노동자가 누리는 임금프리미엄은 5~8%인 것으로 추정되었다. 그러나 노조원이 실제로 누리는 임금 및 고용상의 이득은 이들 수치가 제시하는 것보다 크다. 노조가 학력이나 외부 경력 등에 대한 한계보상을 낮추고 대신 근속에 대한 보상을 높이는 방식으로 선임자에게 유리한 임금체계를 구조화시킨 위에 강력한 고용보호정책으로 노조원의 근속연수를 비노조 부문의 두 배가 되게끔 만들었기 때문이다. 임금분산에 대한 분석에서는 노조기업 노동자간의 임금분산이 더 작아 이론적인 예측과 합치하는 것으로 나타난 반면, 인적 속성을 통제한 이후의 임금분산은 노조부문에서 더 크게 나타났다.

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    유비쿼터스 시대에 전주 한옥마을 활성화가 인근지역 지가영향요인에 미치는 연구 (A study about Land value of neighborhood inflenced by activation of Jeonju Hanok Village Effect for the Ubiquitous age)

    • 최지연;김동현
      • 한국전자통신학회논문지
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      • 제9권4호
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      • pp.515-526
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      • 2014
    • 본 연구는 '전주한옥마을 보전정비사업'을 본격적으로 추진함에 따라 전주한옥마을 자체의 공시지가 변화와 그로 인해 주변 인근지역 토지가격에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는지를 규명하기 위하여 시계열분석, t-검정, 분산분석을 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 시계열자료분석에서 한옥마을의 평균 공시지가는 상승하고 있었으나, 인근지역은 꾸준히 하락하고 있었다. 둘째, 시계열자료의 전년대비 평균 공시지가 변화률은 한옥마을을 (+) 상승하고 있으며, 인근지역도 완만한 상승으로 조만간 (+) 상승으로 전환될 예정이다. 셋째, 전주 및 한옥마을 방문 관광객수가 2008년 이후 가파르게 증가하고 있었다. 넷째, 용도지역별 공시지가를 상승시키기 위해서는 최우선적으로 상업지역에 대한 전략이 필요한 것으로 분석되었다.

    PCB 설계를 위한 Auction 알고리즘의 수학적 등가와 $\varepsilon$-이완법에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Mathematical Equivalence and $\varepsilon$-Relaxation of Auction Algorithm for PCB Design)

    • 우경환;이용희;임태영;이천희
      • 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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      • 대한전자공학회 2000년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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      • pp.213-216
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      • 2000
    • Minimum-cost linear network flow problems could be transformed with equal to assignment problems. Traditional method to solve the linear network flow problems are improved source-cost by transform the simple cycle flow. Auction algorithm could be applied to same element using the initial target price and dispersion calculation. Also, each elements are obtained by $\varepsilon$-relaxation methods. In this paper we proposed; 1)minimum-cost flow problem, 2)minimum-cost flow problem by the mathematical equivalent and 3) extraction $\varepsilon$-relaxation & expand transfer problem with minimum-cost flow. It can be applicant to PCB design by above mentioned.

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    Contract Choice and Pricing of IPOs

    • Cho, Sung-Il
      • 재무관리논총
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      • 제6권1호
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      • pp.289-312
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      • 2000
    • This paper proposes a pricing model for IPOs which can reconcile the average underpricing phenomenon with the expected wealth maximizing behaviors of market participants. Under the usual informational asymmetry, the optimal offer price for best efforts IPOs is derived as a function of the uncertainty about market's valuation, the expected return on proposed projects and the size of offerings relative to the firm's market value. Depending on these firm-specific characteristics, best efforts IPOs can be underpriced, fairly priced, or overpriced. Introducing the investment banker as an outside information producer, the model is extended to provide empirical implications for pricing and underwriting contract choice decisions which are consistent with the existing empirical evidences. The model predicts that the issuers with greater uncertainty about market's valuation choose best efforts contract over firm commitment contract and the dispersion of initial returns would be greater for best efforts IPOs than for firm commitment IPOs.

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    인터넷 소매상의 가격 결정 요인: 총구매비용 관점에서의 탐색적 실증 연구 (The Determinants of Internet Retailers′Pricing Behavior - An Exploratory Empirical Study-)

    • 고석하;김주성;홍정유;경원현
      • Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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      • 제9권2호
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      • pp.33-56
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      • 2002
    • This paper shows that internet retailers adjust the total expenses of their customer's purchase by the nominal price of each product and the delivery fee of the purchase. This paper compares the total expenses of purchasing a bundle of goods in the internet market against the total expenses of purchasing the same bundle of goods in the traditional market. The results show that the type of goods and the total expenses of a purchase, together with their interaction, determine up to 60% or 80% of the variance of the difference between the expenses up the same purchase in the two markets. The results also show that neither the expenses of a purchase nor its interaction with the product type affects the dispersion of total purchase expenses in the internet market.

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    소비자 정보의 요구에 관한연구 (A Study on Consumer Information Needs)

    • Lee, Eun-Hui;Rhee, Gi-Chun
      • 가정과삶의질연구
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      • 제14권2호
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      • pp.139-156
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      • 1996
    • This study attempts to explore urban married women's consumer information needs through assessing their demand level for information. In addition the causality of consumer information needs and related variables is investigated, Major findings are the following: (1) Respondent's needs for consumer information on the color television set and the tryply-pan are in very high level. (2) Among several relevant characteristics respondents' product involvement and perception on the quality differences is strongly related to information needs, (3) Respondents' self-confidence in the product evaluation respondents' perception of the price dispersion and product complexity show a positive effects on the level of information needs. (4) Respondents' age educational level purchasing experience show a negative effects on the level of information needs.

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    인터넷 소매상 가격 전략의 산업 의존성에 관한 실증연구 (An Empirical Study on the Different Interindustrial Pricing Strategies of Internet Retailers)

    • 홍정유;김주성;남순해;이수정;고석하
      • 정보기술응용연구
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      • 제3권3호
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      • pp.41-69
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      • 2001
    • 본 논문에서는 책, CD, 화장품, 소프트웨어, PC와 주변기기, 그리고 가전제품의 6가지 산업의 개별 상품에 대한 실증조사를 통하여, 우리나라의 인터넷 소매상의 가격 전략을 대형의 전통 소매상의 가격 전략에 대하여 비교 분석하였다. 소비자가 인터넷에서 물건을 구매할 때 지불하는 금전적인 비용은 물건 대금과 배송료로 구성되나, 실증 조사에 의하면, 배송료는 조사된 6개 산업의 상품 중에서는 책과 CD의 경우에만 실제로 부과되고 있으며, 이 경우에도 소량으로 구매할 때에만 부과되고 대량으로 구매할 때에는 부과되지 않고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 분석 결과, 배송료가 부과되지 않는 대량 구매의 경우, 책과 CD, 그리고 화장품은 인터넷 시장의 가격이 전통 시장의 가격보다, 특히 책은 대형 할인점보다도, 평균적으로 10% 이내에서 더 저렴한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 배송료가 부과되는 소량 구매의 경우에는 책과 CD의 경우, 인터넷 시장에서의 가격이 전통 시장에서의 가격보다 (단, 책은 대형 할인점에 비해서) 평균적으로 10% 이상 비싼 것으로 나타났다. 그 이외의 경우에는 두 시장의 평균 가격간에는 거의 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다 가격의 산포도는 배송료가 포함된 책의 경우에만, 전통 시장에 비해서, 인터넷 시장이 더 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 그 이외의 경우에는 모두 인터넷 시장이 더 작은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 5% 유의수준에서는, 두 시장간의 차이는 배송료가 제외된 책과 CD의 경우에만 통계적 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.이러한 결과는 인터넷 소매상이 일반적으로는 전통적 소매상에 대하여 가격 우위 전략을 추구하지 않고 있으며, 일부 저가품 산업에서 대량 구매에 대해서만 가격 우위 전략을 취하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 연구 과정에서 발견된 증거들은 우리나라에서는 아직 고가의 내구재 산업에서는 인터넷 시장이 확립되지 못하였으며, 몇몇의 저가 상품 산업을 중심으로 제한적으로 소비자 인터넷 시장이 형성되기 시작했다는 것을 보여준다. 또한 본 논문의 연구결과는 인터넷 소매상의 경영 전략에 대한 상황모형에 의한 연구의 필요성을 입증한다.

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