• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.371-377
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• 2005

This paper Presents the Potential gradient characteristics of structure grounding electrode when a test current flows through grounding electrode. In order to analyze the potential gradient of ground surface on structure grounding electrode, the reduced scale model has been used. The potential gradient has been measured and analyzed for types of structure using the hemispherical grounding simulation system in real time. The structures were designed through reducing real buildings and fabricated with four types on a scale of one-one hundred sixty. The supporter was made to put up with weight of structure and could move into vertical, horizontal, rotary direction. When a test current flowed through structure grounding electrodes, ground potential rise was the lowest value at electric cage type(type B). According to resistivity and absorption percentage In concrete attached to structure, the potential distribution of ground surface appeared differently.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1091-1100
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• 2023

We are interested in the gradient flow of α energy potential. We provide basic estimates and study asymptotic behaviors for the case N = 2, . . . , 5.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07b
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• pp.1204-1207
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• 2002

The fixed points of two known gradient flows defined on adjoint orbits of orthogonal groups are analyzed through the critical point analysis of the potential functions. The results show that some known properties of these gradient flows are shared with the gradient flows of the same potential functions with respect to other metrics.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1279-1287
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• 2019

The main purpose of the paper is to prove that if a compact Riemannian manifold admits a gradient ${\rho}$-Einstein soliton such that the gradient Einstein potential is a non-trivial conformal vector field, then the manifold is isometric to the Euclidean sphere. We have showed that a Riemannian manifold satisfying gradient ${\rho}$-Einstein soliton with convex Einstein potential possesses non-negative scalar curvature. We have also deduced a sufficient condition for a Riemannian manifold to be compact which satisfies almost ${\eta}$-Ricci soliton.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.645-660
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• 2021

This paper examines the behavior of a 3-dimensional trans-Sasakian manifold equipped with a gradient generalized quasi-Yamabe soliton. In particular, It is shown that α-Sasakian, β-Kenmotsu and cosymplectic manifolds satisfy the gradient generalized quasi-Yamabe soliton equation. Furthermore, in the particular case when the potential vector field ζ of the quasi-Yamabe soliton is of gradient type ζ = grad(ψ), we derive a Poisson's equation from the quasi-Yamabe soliton equation. Also, we study harmonic aspects of quasi-Yamabe solitons on 3-dimensional trans-Sasakian manifolds sharing a harmonic potential function ψ. Finally, we observe that 3-dimensional compact trans-Sasakian manifold admits the gradient generalized almost quasi-Yamabe soliton with Hodge-de Rham potential ψ. This research ends with few examples of quasi-Yamabe solitons on 3-dimensional trans-Sasakian manifolds.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.825-837
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• 2022

We characterize a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold endowed with a type of semi-symmetric metric P-connection. At first, it is proven that if the metric of such a manifold is a gradient m-quasi-Einstein metric, then either the gradient of the potential function 𝜓 is collinear with the vector field P or, λ = -(m + 2) and the manifold is of constant sectional curvature -1, provided P𝜓 ≠ m. Next, it is shown that if the metric of the manifold under consideration is a gradient 𝜌-Einstein soliton, then the gradient of the potential function is collinear with the vector field P. Also, we prove that if the metric of a 3-dimensional manifold with semi-symmetric metric P-connection is a gradient 𝜔-Ricci soliton, then the manifold is of constant sectional curvature -1 and λ + 𝜇 = -2. Finally, we consider an example to verify our results.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

In many applications of functional oxides originally homogeneous materials are exposed to gradients in the chemical potential of oxygen. Prominent examples are solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or oxygen permeation membranes (OPMs). Other thermodynamic potential gradients are gradients of electrical potential, temperature or uni-axial pressure. The applied gradients act as generalized thermodynamic forces and induce directed fluxes of the mobile components. These fluxes may lead to three basic degradation phenomena of the materials, which are kinetic demixing, kinetic decomposition, and morphological instabilities.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 1998

To describe the major environmental factors operating in coastal wetland and to characterize the distribution of the plant species over the wetland in relation to the major environmental gradients, 12 soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The gradient of water and osmotic potential of soil, electrical conductivity, sodium and chloride content and soil texture alsong the three habitat types of salt marshes, salt swamp and sand dune were occurred. The 24 coastal plant communities from principal component analysis (PCA) on the 12 variables were at designated as a gradient for soil texture and water potential related with salinity by Axis I and as a gradient for soil moisture and total nitrogen gradient by Axis II On Axis I were divided into 3 groups (1) 9 salt marsh communities including Salicornia herbacea communities (2) 5 salt swamp communities including Scirpus fluviatilis communities and (3) 10 sand dune communities including Jmperata cylindrica communities on Axis II were divided into 2 groups (1) salt marsh and sand dune communities, and (2) 3 salt swamp communities. The results could account for the zonation of plant communities on coastal wetland observed alsong envionmental gradients.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.1101-1114
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• 2016

Let ($M^{2n+1}$, ${\phi}$, ${\xi}$, ${\eta}$, g) be a (k, ${\mu}$)'-almost Kenmotsu manifold with k < -1 which admits a gradient Ricci almost soliton (g, f, ${\lambda}$), where ${\lambda}$ is the soliton function and f is the potential function. In this paper, it is proved that ${\lambda}$ is a constant and this implies that $M^{2n+1}$ is locally isometric to a rigid gradient Ricci soliton ${\mathbb{H}}^{n+1}(-4){\times}{\mathbb{R}}^n$, and the soliton is expanding with ${\lambda}=-4n$. Moreover, if a three dimensional Kenmotsu manifold admits a gradient Ricci almost soliton, then either it is of constant sectional curvature -1 or the potential vector field is pointwise colinear with the Reeb vector field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between shoulder gradient, range of motion of the neck, and subjective pain level of the potential risk group of smart-phone addiction. Methods : The subjects of this study were 90 women's who had potential risk of smart-phone addiction. VAS was used to measure subjectively pain intensity. Global Postural System was used to measure forward head posture. CROM was used to measure flexion, extension, lateral flexion of cervical range of motion. Results : The results of this study showed that was significant positive correlation between the both shoulder gradient, and cervical range of motion(p<.05). Statistically significant negative correlation between the VAS and left lateral flexion(p<.05). Conclusions : The difference between the gradient of both shoulders increased with the use of smart-phone addiction, and the cervical left lateral flexion decreased as the pain increased. This suggests that recognition on decrease of using smart phone and postural correction is necessary.