• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of compost on the availability of micronutrients in lettuce. Micronutrient contents of manure-based composts containing various other source materials were investigated. Total and extractable contents of micronutrients in the composts were analysed. Pots containing soil of relatively low micronutrient levels were treated with 1,000 and $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$ of compost and used to grow lettuce plants under greenhouse conditions. Fresh and dry weights of lettuce and micronutrient uptake were determined after harvest. Manure-based composts of various other source materials contained very different amounts of total and extractable micronutrients. Total contents of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn were in the range of 26-42, 27-160, 4,300-9,500, 290-790, 0-0.5 and $140-420mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The contents of 0.1 N HCl extractable B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were 23-32, 1.3-2.6, <1, 7-32 and 0.5-5% of total content, respectively. Contents of micronutrients extractable in DTPA solution were generally higher than those extractable in 0.1 N HCl. It was found that the fresh and dry matter productions of the plants were significantly higher in the compost treatment of $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$. Lettuce grown in soil treated 1,000 and $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$ of manure-based compost contained higher levels of B, Cu, Mo and Zn than lettuce grown without compost application. However, contents of Fe and Mn in lettuce were relatively lower in the compost treatments. In the compost treatments the proportions of micronutrients in soil and plant were all in the optimum ranges and below the toxicity levels. The results obtained allow us to establish that commercial composts could be used as soil amendment for plastic film house crop production with sufficient supply of micronutrients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

Experiment was carried out to determine the agronomic characteristics, forage yield of silage corn(Zea mays L.) soil chemical characterictics and $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water by different application rates of daily liquid manures. Four treatment consisting of chemical fetilizer, $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, daily liquid manure $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, $300kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randonmized complete block design with three replicates. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon from 1996 to 1997 are summarized as follows; In plant height and crude protein content, it were appeared to highest by 264cm, 6.8% at the cattle slurry 150% plot(T3), respectively. but Dry matter yield(14.5MT/ha) and TDN(9.5MT/ha) production of chemical fertilizer plot(T1) were highest. Among daily liquid manure amount, dry matter yield(14.0MT/ha) and TDN yield(9.1MT/ha) of daily liquid manure 100% plot(T2) were resulted to 96% and 97% of chemical fertilizer plot(T1). End year's soil organic matter and phosphate content were appeared to high than those of beginning year in daily liquid manure plots, but it was not in proportioned to increase according to slurry amount. $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water lower than 60cm of all plots were lowed than a permitted limit of cattle drinkable. As a result, it was appeared that the optimum application amount of dairy liquid manure was 200kg/ha by manure-N.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1988

To improve the storage method for kimchi, optimal ripening kimchi was irradiated with doses of 1, 3, 5kGy Co-60gamma radiation, followed by the microbiological, physicochemical and senosory evaluations during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. 1. Total aerobic count increased in the beginning of storage and then decreased slowly as the number of total lactobacilli (anaerobe) increased. The above, total aerobic and lactobacilli were reduced by 1 to 3 log cycles with irradiation and at the 90th day after storage the number of total lactobacilli remained $1.30{\times}10^{8}$ per ml in 3 kGy irradiated group. Irradiation treatment at 3 kGy sterilized coliforms and molds contaminating the sample as the level of $2.0{\times}10^{4}$ per ml and $5.4{\times}10^{2}$ per ml respectively and no apparent growth was observed in both control and 1 kGy irradiated groups after 20 days of storage. The population of yeast, $3.5{\times}10^{3}$ per ml initially, increased steadily during kimchi storage and at 90 days of storage the number was shown to be $5.6{\times}10^{4}$ per ml and $6.5{\times}10^{2}$ per ml in control and 3 kGy irradiated groups, respectively. 2. In the physicochemical changes during kimchi storage, pH, acidity and volatile acid of non-irradiated control at the 45th day after storage were 4.0, 0.7% and 0.066%, while those of 3 kGy irradiated group were 4.2, 0.59 and 0.06% at the 90th day of storage, respectively. The reducing sugar content of all stored samples changed inversely total acidity content, indicating irradiation delayed the changes of them. The amount of ascorbic acid decreased gradually with the storage time and irradiation dose increase. Textural parameters of 3 kGy irradiated group were superior to those of other groups at the latter stage of storage. 3. Sensory evaluations showed that 3 kGy irradiation was the optimum dose level to extend the shelf-life of kimchi more than two months as compared to control.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2014

The changes of growth characteristics and antioxidant activity for selection of optimum germinated temperature on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Common beans (IT100888, IT102849, and IT231267) were cultivated at $20^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ during 5 days of germination. The range of whole length, hypocotyls length, thickness, abnormal germination and yield rate of sprouts was 7.27~27.62 cm, 3.10~18.86 cm, 1.80~2.27 mm, 5.54~18.34% and 205.95~ 618.71%, respectively. Antioxidant activities of common beans with germination temperature investigated. Common beans (IT100888, IT102849, and IT231267) germinated at $20^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ during 5 days, and then extracted with 80% ethanol, and analyzed for total polyphenol content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol content increased from 474 mg GA eq/100 g sample for IT231267 to 1364 mg GA eq/g sample for $23^{\circ}C$ of germination. DPPH radical scavenging activity of IT102849 increased from 189mg Trolox eq./100 g sample ($20^{\circ}C$) to 1073mg Trolox eq./100 g sample ($23^{\circ}C$) also ABTS radical scavenging activity of IT234267 increased from 479 mg Trolox eq./100 g sample ($20^{\circ}C$) to 1134 mg AA eq/100 g ($23^{\circ}C$). These results suggest that germination temperature for increasing antioxidant activities may be $23^{\circ}C$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.616-625
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• 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the optimum level of nitrogen incorporated during formulation of root media as pre-plant fertilizer on the growth of plug seedlings of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage. A root medium was formulated by blending peatmoss:coir dust:perlite at a ratio of 3.5:3.5:3.0 (v/v/v). The nitrogen was incorporated in the seven treatments at a rate of 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ during the root medium formulation. The concentrations of other essential nutrients except nitrogen were controlled to equal in all treatments. Then, the root medium was packed into 72-cell plug trays and seeds were sown. The growth measurements as well as tissue and soil solution analysis for nutrients were conducted 2 and 4 weeks after seed sowing. As seedlings grew, the pH in the extracted solution of all treatments tended to decrease. The decreases in the treatments of high N concentrations were more severe than those with low N, but the differences among treatments were not statistically significant. The differences of EC in extracted solution of root media among treatments were sizable until week 3, but the differences began to lessen and the EC decreased in all treatments after week 4. Growth of the aerial parts of plug seedlings at 2 weeks after sowing were highest in the $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, but those at 4 weeks after sowing were highest in the $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments tested. The tissue N content was highest and lowest in the treatments of 250 and $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, when tissues were harvested at 4 weeks after sowing and analysed based on the dry weight of above-ground tissue. The contents of micronutrients were the highest in the 1,000 and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments. The results shown above indicate that the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of pre-plant N and elevation of post-plant N concentration to above $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ are suitable for raising plug seedlings of Chinese cabbage using inert media.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.512-515
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to obtain informations about variation of anthocyanin content within black-seeded soybean testa according to cultivation and harvest time. Three varieties, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Geomjeongkong 2, Tawonkong were tested in this experiment. Seeds were planted on April 15 (early planting), May 15 (optimum planting), and June 15 (late planting), respectively. Harvest time was R6 (full seed), R7 (physiological maturity), and R8 (harvest maturity), respectively. The content of delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G), and total anthocyanin (TA) had all increased gradually from April 15 to June 15 as well as R6 to R8. There was no varietal difference in D3G, but C3G and TA of Geomjeongkong 2 were higher than other two varieties. Pt3G was the highest Tawonkong of varieties. The value of L as anthocyanin color difference had gradually decreased from April 15 to June 15 and R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 among three varieties was the lowest. The value of a was the highest on May 15 and increased gradually from R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 was the lowest. The value of b was the highest on June 15 as late planting and was the highest Geomjeongkong 2 of varieties. The value of b had increased gradually from R6 to R8. D3G, C3G, Pt3G, and TA contents showed mutually high positive correlation and these four characters were represented high negative correlation with L value but showed high positive correlation with a and b values. The value of L showed high negative correlation with a and b values. The value of a showed high positive correlation with b value.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.387-403
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• 2020

This experiment was carried out to determine optimal concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant in pepper. As human beings enter the age of 100, they are naturally recognized as a standard of high quality agricultural products for safety and improvement of functional materials. Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables in the world and there is a growing interest in varieties with high functional content. However, there is a limit to the improvement of functional materials of certain varieties, so it is necessary to study the improvement of materials by cultivation physiology and environmental conditions. The test material was sown on March 15th in Wanju province and on June 15th in rain shelter house using pepper "suppermanidda" varieties. To investigate the optimum concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant, 15 kinds of treatments were carried out including control, tomato liquid fertilizer etc. The liquid fertilizer of organic material was treated with 6 times of irrigation, and the analysis of nutrients and antioxidant was done by harvesting pepper on the September 10th. The contents of beta-carotene was increased in the T3, T4, T12 treatments, vitamin C was in the P14 treatments, flavonoid, polyphenol were in the P12 treatment compared to the control. In T12 treatment, flavonoid increased by 115.9%, polyphenol by 121.7%, beta-carotene by 117.2% and vitamin C by 136.1% compared to the control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics and characteristics of pepper fruit of pepper according to liquid fertilizer treatment. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the organic antioxidant is affected by the liquid fertilizer treatments of organic materials and it is necessary to study the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and photosynthesis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.131-155
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• 1983

Though it has been widely known the nitrogen effects are influenced by soils, varieties, and mineral nutrients in the rice culture, few analyses in relation to the factors increasing nitrogen effect have been studied in Korea. The effects of potassium and silica on the factors increasing nitrogen effects in paddy soils were investigated in accordance with soil improvement practices and nitrogen application methods for the cultivated varieties. The results obtained are as follows. 1. For 413 paddy fields, the yield from soils without nitrogen application ranged from 200 to 850kg/10a and that from nitrogen application did 350 to 1,051kg/10a. The yield increament by nitrogen application varied 50 to 650kg/10a depending on soils. 2. Soil chemical characteristics for high yield were different between with nitrogen and without nitrogen application. In the without nitrogen application, however, contents of organic matter, phosphorous, potassium and calcium of high yield soils were lower than those of low yield, while the available silica content was higher in the former. 3. The yield increased with nitrogen application up to 22.4kg/10a and thereafter it decreased. These phenomena were supposed to be not be decrease of nitrogen uptake but by lowered silica uptake. 4. Clay soil incorporation, deep plough, and inorganic constituents control such as Ca, Mg, and $Sio_2$ were effective as soil improvement praitices. It was appeared that increases of silica content and Ca/Mg ratio were important to increase nitrogen effects. 5. For the correlation between yield and yield components, it was high between yield and panicle in low nitrogen level and so was it between grain yield and ripening rate in high nitrogen. 6. In the urea and super granule urea application plot, recovery rate of nitrogen by plant and soil was high and yield was remarkable high. 7. Regardless of fertilizer types such as ammonium sulfate and urea, the residual nitrogen was about 4kg/10a in both plots of 5.8 and 11.6kg/10a. N applied. 8. The potassium application to soil enhanced the nitrogen efficiency. It was more effective in low potassium soil. 9. Optimum pH value for gel formation in the 4% sodium silicate solution was approximately 6.6. 10. It was suggested that silica could affect to rice plant growth as the inorganic and organic chemical components.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2010

We explored the effects of curing and smoking conditions on the shelf life of Dombaeki (shark meat). Dombaeki cured for 12 h in an aqueous solution containing (per 100 ml) salt 5.6 g, sugar 14 g, and garlic powder 0.6 g, showed the best sensory quality among various samples cured for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 hours. The optimum conditions for preparation of smoked Dombaeki (SD) were drying at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, followed by cooking at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and smoking at $65^{\circ}C$ for 40 min, as judged by sensory evaluation of taste, color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. The volatile basic nitrogen content of air- or vacuum-packed unsmoked Dombaeki (NSD) was above 20 mg% after storage for either 12 days or 5 weeks. However, the nitrogen contents of air- and vacuum-packed SD were less than 20 mg% after either 21 days or 10 weeks of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. The DPPH free radical-scavenging ability of SD (73.9%) was significantly higher than that of unsmoked meat (4.54%). The total polyphenol content of SD (745.6 g/g) was about 4-fold greater than that of unsmoked meat (179.5 g/g).The viable bacterial count of air- or vacuum-packed unsmoked meat was over $10^6\;CFU/g$ after storage for either 12 days or 5 weeks. However, air- or vacuum-packed SD had counts under $10^4\;CFU/g$ at all storage times tested. Changes in coliform bacterial levels paralleled those of total viable cells. The sensory quality (taste, color, flavor, appearance, texture, and overall acceptability) of SD was significantly better than that of NSD.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.401-418
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• 2010

This experiment was selected a $\beta$-glucan producing mushroom strain and developed industrial media, and used to $\beta$-glucan as an alternative for antibiotics in weaned pigs. Yields of mycelial biomass and extracellular $\beta$-glucan from Youngji (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom was 8.52g/L and 4.49g/L respectively. Also, we prepared optimum formula for mushroom cultivations. A total of 144 pigs ($8.6{\pm}0.9$ kg average body weight, weaned $20{\pm}3$ days of age) were allotted to 4 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 pigs per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) NC (negative control, basal diet), T2) PC (positive control, basal diet+0.255% antibiotics), T3) NC+0.2% $\beta$-glucan and T4) PC+0.2% $\beta$-glucan. The T2 and T4 treatments were significantly higher in feed efficiency by antibiotics group (p<0.05), however, there was no significant differences in terms of average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during phase I (0~14 days). In phase II (15~28 days), Pigs fed with antibiotics and $\beta$-glucan (T4) had greater ADG than other treatments (p<0.05), while no differences were observed in ADFI and feed efficiency. During the whole experiment period, the ADG of T4 treatment was higher than other treatments. Pigs fed with $\beta$-glucan (T3 and T4) had greater diarrhea score and moisture content than other treatments (p<0.05). Pigs fed with $\beta$-glucan (T3 and T4) had greater moisture content than other treatments (p<0.05). However, there was no significant differences in diarrhea score and mortality of weaned pigs. There was marginal reductions in feed cost measured feed cost per weight gain used in antibiotics and $\beta$-glucan added diet during phase I. In the second phase, the treatment supplemented with antibiotics had a significantly lower feed cost per weight gain compared to the other treatments. The results from these experiments suggests that $\beta$-glucan is likely able to improve the growth performance, and reduce feed cost although they do not have similar effects like antibiotics in weaning pigs.