• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

We examined water flux, concentrations and contents in nutrients in precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil solution in natural deciduous hardwood forest(Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica) in Chunchon, Kangwon Province. The volume of throughfall was 2∼3% higher in Q. variabilis than in Q. monglica while volume of stemflow, Ao, A and B soil solution was 10∼15% higher in Q. variabilis compared to Q. monglica. Concentrations of K/sup +/ increased in throughfall H while concentrations of Ca/sup 2+/, Mg/sup 2+/ and NO₃/sup -/ increased in Ao soil solution. The former might be related to the canopy leaching and the latter related to leaching and nitrification in Ao horizon. Nutrient concentrations in throughfall, Ao, A and B soil solution decreased with increasing amount of water and especially the decreases in concentrations of K/sup +/, Mg/sup 2+/ and Cl/sup -/ were significant. Nutrient concentrations of Ca/sup 2+/ in Ao soil solution was 1.5 times higher in Q. variabilis than in Q. mongolica. However, there were no significant nutrient concentration differences in throughfall, stemflow and A and B soil solution between the two forest types. Stemflow was less than 10% of total water volume (throughfall + stemflow) to the forest floor, and contribution of stemflow to nutrient cycling seemed to be low in the study forest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.43-52
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• 2012

For this paper, a study targeting 9 forest patches in Dangjin to suggest for the wild birds, was conducted. The correlation between the emergence of wild birds and the forest vegetation was analyzed, and the patterns of forest vegetation for the improvement of species diversity were suggested by classifying wild birds and foraging guild by the type of forest vegetation. As for the characteristics of the wild birds emerged, more species and bigger population appeared in the vegetation type of mixed stand forest where the natural deciduous broadleaf trees and evergreen needleleaf trees coexisted in the large scale vegetation area. Thus, it was known that the advent of summer migratory birds and resident birds were affected the most by forest patches and vegetation types. As for foraging guild, the larger the forest paches the more the species and the population of the wild birds inhabiting in shrubs and bushes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.142-163
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• 2009

Taebaek city is located in the mountainous plateau area therefore the major industry was coal industry. According to dramatically declining of the major industry, Taebaek city is need to alternative industry which associated with considering the geographical characteristics of natural tourism resources for increasing the local economy. On the basis of these reasons, this study can be suggested ecological planning and mitigation of deterioration technique about the these study site. That is the reserved area for mountainous experience theme park. As the results of environmental ecology assessment are following as; The natural ecosystem areas, multi-layer structure forest such as forest of Pinus densiflora, forest of Quercus mongolica and deciduous forest have a high value of nature, diversity and potential. In addition, wild bird habitats were important area as a inhabitation, breeding, feeding and hiding. Therefore, on these areas should be preserved. Also, it needs to conserve on there such as more than three types of wild bird inhabitate areas, the fringe of high biological diversity, the wetland that have got good vegetation condition and the function of amphibia, reptiles crossing. In addition, inhabitation, the waterway of wetland form that have got wide waterside width needs to conserve. In conclusion, on the basis of analysis results such as conditions of plan, environment, ecological assessments, survey informations are able to suggest the connectivity of the axis of forest and management plan. Moreover, in the part of forest restoration plan, we suggest the plan of transplant for a compensation of damaged forest by land use.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-252
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• 2016

Improved knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the natural regeneration of tree species in limestone forest is urgently required for species conservation. We examined the environmental factors and tree species characteristics that are important for colonization in diverse forest stands growing on a limestone hill in northern Thailand. Our analysis estimated the relative influence of forest structure and environmental factors on the regeneration traits of tree species. We established sixty-four $100-m^2$ plots in four forest stands on the limestone hill. We determined the species composition of canopy trees, regenerating seedlings, and saplings in relation to the physical environment. The relationships between environmental variables and tree species abundance were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and we used generalized linear mixed models to examine data on seedling/sapling abundances. The CCA ordination indicated that the abundance of tree species within the mixed deciduous forest was closely related to soil depth. The abundances of tree species growing within the sink-hole and hill-slope stands were positively related to the extent of rocky outcropping; light and soil moisture positively influenced the abundance of tree species in the hill-cliff stand. Physical factors had a greater effect on tree regeneration than did factors related to forest structure. Tree species, such as Ficus macleilandii, Dracaena cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus mirabilis within the hill-cliff or sink-hole stand, colonized well on large rocky outcroppings that were well illuminated and had soft soils. These species regenerated well under conditions prevailing on the limestone hill. The colonization of several species in other stands was negatively influenced by environmental conditions at these sites. We found that natural regeneration of tree species on the limestone hill was difficult because of the prevailing combination of physical and biological factors. The influence of these factors was species dependent, and the magnitude of effects varied across forest stands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1999

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in small mammal populations due to habitat structure caused by different forest practices within natural deciduous forests at National Forest, Pyoungchang, Kangwon Province, Korea from May to November, 1996. Three sites, 1ha each, were selected as cutting, thinning, and control for live trapping of small mammals. Total captures of small mammals in all sites were combined Apodemus peninsulae(45.1%, n=64) and Eothenomys regulus(54.9%, n=78). A. peninsulae was captured in the cutting and the control site. And E. regulus was captured in the thinning and the control site. The number of captured small mammals in a month were the highest in the control site and the lowest in the cutting site. A. peninsulae's mean body weight of adult individuals was more higher in the control site than in the cutting site. And E. regulus's mean body weight of adult individuals was more higher in the control site than in the thinning site. Habitat structure seems to be an important factor in abundance and species composition of small mammals.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2003

Baseline data on the type, species and volume for dead trees were collected from old growth fir (Abies holophylla) forest in Sorak National Park. Though the survey was restricted to fly forest, a basic data compatible to those in other countries were collected. Besides fir, dead trees were also found in deciduous species. All the Known dead tree types were found. Average volume of dead tree in the surveyed area was 00.42 $\textrm{m}^2 \; ha^{-1}$. There seems no correlation existing between the distributions of dead tree and coarse woody debris (CWD).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.172-192
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• 1983

Light environment and growth of Panax ginseng In habitat and cultivation under natural shade were renewed. Grower's experiences on ginseng stand In relation to light environment were assessed. Change of shading method and grower's concepts on light requirement of ginseng plant in Korea, Manchuria and Japan was counted. Growth of wild ginseng was better under rich light. Optimum crown density index appeared to be 0.7 In natural habitat and 0.4 to 0.7 for the cultivation in forest. Change of light Intensity in forest was greatest in May and reached near to constant value (from 40% to 3% for broad leaf deciduous forest and loom 4% to 2% for pine forest). Insufficient light condition induced long and thin stem, poor flowering and seed bearing, and sequent dormancy. Relation between light and ginseng strand was not clear but light Interception with cool weather was effective. Topography and orientation of bed have been deeply considered for light environment. Panel or bark of won were used for shading in deep forest manly In Manchuria while reed blind and straw thatch were used in Korea. Kinds and number of shades material and seasonal or daily schedule have been simplified probably by labor pressure due to eulargement of plantation. Post height has been greater while width of roof, bed and ditch has changed lisle. Scientific survey in the past omitted important light control methods (complete light hardening etc) which has been practiced in specific areas. The concept and technique of light control in the past in Korea were delicate and intensive including the control of temperature and moisture. For the application of old concept in modem cultivation precise Investigation of the technique including the measurement of light, temperature and moisture is needed.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Youngbong (1,094 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 84 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 7 communities of other vegetation, the total of 91 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 39 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 26 communities of mountain valley forest, 6 communities of coniferous forests, 2 communities of riparian forests, 11 afforestation and 7 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis communities account for 40.879 percent of deciduous broad leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica - Cornus controversa community takes up 25.627 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 75.618 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Quercus serrata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1988

To analyze phytosociological characteristics of the Mt. Namsan nature park, Seoul, vegetation structure of north-east and south-west slopes, competition capability among species, vegetation structures of afforested species were studied with belt-transect and quadrat methods. And management plan of each vegetational zone was proposed by the results of this study and the other previous reports. Numbers of species and individuals of south-west slope were greater than those of north-east slope. But species diversity of northeast showed stability of 1.0, while that of south-west showed instability from 0.8 to 1.3. The floristic dissimilarity coefficient between two slopes showed 70-80% in which species composition between two slopes was much different. Quercus mongolica was a dominant species at north-east slope and Pinus densiflora at south-west slope. Competition capability among major species was resulted in deciduous trees>Robinia pseudoacacia>Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa>Pinais densiflora, Quercus mongolica>deciduous trees>Pinus densiflora. Afforested vegetation at the Mt. Namsan, especially Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, Picea abies, etc showed poor growth rate. The goal of the Nam-san nature park management is to conserve natural ecosystem as it is and, if necessary, to accerlerate restoration of the disturbed ecosytem to its nature by minimum energy input as possible. Management proposal was made for six vegetational management zone ; P. derasitZoru forest zone, Q. mongolica forest zone, deciduous forest zone, afforestation zone, R. pseduoacacia zone and landscape planting zone.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.360-368
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• 1991

Utilizing chi-square test statistics, inter-species association and covariation were analyzed for the 37 woody plant species in a deciduous forest dominated by Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis. within 50 temporarily established $20m{\times}20m$ square quadrats, the association for each pair of species was presented based on the presence-absence parameters. Acer palmatum had significant positive association with Acer mono and Kalopanax pictus, but negative association with Pinus densiflora. Other positively associated species pairs were Prunus sargentii-Macckia amurensis, Quercus serrata-Kalopanax pictus, Symplocos chinensis var. pilosa-Euonymus oxyphyllus, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica-Lindera obtusiloba. The covariation far each pair of species was evaluated based on the quantitative measures, density and basal area. Overall results showed that the association and covariation values among species generally agreed with each other. Because covariation was calculated by density and basal area of the tallied species in the sample plots, the number of species pairs of covariation tended to be greater than those of association. Especially, Pinus densiflora, considered to be pioneer species in the successional stage, had negative covariation with most of climax species. These ecological information could be applied to silvicultural practices, such as ecosystem classification, establishment of mixed hardwood forest, and tending operations for marking crop trees and desirable species.