• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2018

Methyl ester derived from coconut oil is very interesting to study since it contains free-fatty acid with chemical structure of medium carbon chain ($C_{12}-C_{14}$), so the methyl ester obtained from its part can be a biodiesel and another partially into biokerosene. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the production of methyl ester requires severe conditions (high pressure and high temperature), while at low temperature and atmospheric conditions, yield of methyl ester is relatively very low. By using microwave irradiation trans-esterification reaction with heterogeneous catalysts, it is expected to be much faster and can give higher yields. Therefore, we studied the production of methyl ester from coconut oil using CaO catalyst assisted by microwave. Our aim was to find a kinetic model of methyl ester production through a transesterification process from coconut oil assisted by microwave using heterogeneous CaO catalyst. The experimental apparatus consisted of a batch reactor placed in a microwave oven equipped with a condenser, stirrer and temperature controllers. Batch process was conducted at atmospheric pressure with a variation of CaO catalyst concentration (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0, 2.5%) and microwave power (100, 264 and 400 W). In general, the production process of methyl esters by heterogeneous catalyst will obtain three layers, wherein the first layer is the product of methyl ester, the second layer is glycerol and the third layer is the catalyst. The experimental results show that the yield of methyl ester increases along with the increase of microwave power, catalyst concentration and reaction time. Kinetic model of methyl ester production can be represented by the following equation: $-r_{TG}=1.7{\cdot}10^6{_e}{\frac{-43.86}{RT}}C_{TG}$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 고온($230{\sim}290^{\circ}C$)의 무촉매 조건에서 이루어지는 팜 지방산 디스틸레이트(PFAD)의 에스테르화 반응에 대해 수학적 모델링을 통해 그 반응 특성을 분석하였다. '무촉매 에스테르화 반응'에 대해 균일계(homogeneous) 2차 가역 반응으로 가정하였고 액상 내에서 동시적, 경쟁적으로 발생하고 있는 물과 메탄올의 증발과 반응을 모두 고려하기 위해 '반응 유효 인자'(reaction effectiveness factor, ${\eta}$)를 도입하였다. 각 반응물 및 생성물의 농도에 대하여 실험을 통해 측정한 값과 반응모델에 의한 예측값 사이의 차이를 최소화하는 반응속도 상수와 물질전달 계수를 구하기 위해 비선형 계획법(nonlinear programming)을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 얻은 반응의 활성화 에너지는 43.98 kJ/mol이다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.541-543
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• 2006

The feasibility of biodiesel production from soapstock by acid catalyst was tested. The water content of soapstock was more than 40%. Before the esterification of soapstock, the pre-treatment of soapstock was conducted adding potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The pre-treated soapstock contained 99.6wt% of free fatty acid. When the free fatty acid was esterified with methanol, the fatty acid methyl ester content became 91.7wt% under the solid acid catalyst, Amberlyst-15. When this biodiesel was distilled the methyl ester content was 98.1wt% which satisfied the biodiesel Standard. Amberlyst-15 could be recovered easily because it was the soliid catalyst. When sulfuric acid was used as the acid catalyst, the fatty acid methyl ester content was 91.0wt%. From the results, it was possible to produce biodiesel efficiently from soapstock after pre-treatment. Because soapstock is very cheap, it will become good feedstock for biodiesel product ion.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.28-47
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• 2021

Pectin is a natural polysaccharide and biopolymer that serves as a structural component of plant tissues' primary cell walls. Pectin is primarily composed of D-galacturonic acid linked by α-1, 4-glycosidic linkage and is further classified by the ratio of esterified galacturonic acid groups known as degree of esterification (DE). Pectin that contains more than half of its carboxylate units as methyl esters is known as a high methyl (HM) ester. Conversely, pectin that has less than half of its carboxylate units as methyl esters is known as a low methyl (LM) ester. Pectin has various bioactive properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholesterol, antitumoral, and chemopreventive properties. Moreover, pectin is a useful biopolymer in biomedical applications. Biomedical engineering, which is founded on research aimed to improve the quality of life using new materials and technologies, is typically classified according to the use of hydrogels, nanofiber mats, and nanoparticles. This paper reviews the progress of recent research into pectin-based biomedical applications and the potential future biomedical applications of marine-derived pectin.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.457-459
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• 1987

Racemic N-benzylaspartic acid (4) was prepared from maleic anhydride and used to modify and develop some efficient methods for the preparation of N-benzylaspartic anhydride hydrobromide (5). Thus, successive treatment of the compound 4 with 30% HBr in acetic acid and acetic anhydride afforded the title compound 5 in 75% yield. From this compound 5, ${\alpha}$-benzyl and ${\alpha}$-methyl N-benzylaspartates were also prepared.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.114-117
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• 1985

식물체내(植物體內) ABA의 미량분석법(微量分析法) 개발(開發)을 위(爲)하여 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果) 식물체(植物體)의 ABA 추출물(抽出物)을 pentafluorobenzyl bromide로 ester 화(化)시켜 ABA-PFB ester 형태(形態)로 GLC-ECD 분석(分析)하므로서 ABA-methyl ester 보다 높은 감도(感度)를 보여 5 pg의 ABA 까지 측정(測定)이 가능(可能)하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 1995

esters of the acid analytes were synthesized using $H_2SO_4$ as the catalyst. Efficiency of derivatization and instrumental molecular-response were compared with herbicides methylated with $BF_3-methanol$(14% W/V), $H_2SO_4-methanol$(33% V/V), and diazomethane. The molecular integrity of TFE-2,4-D, TFE-dicamba, and TFE-mecoprop, in the mixture, was confirmed by the GC/MSD method. The TFE-Esterification efficiency was maximized by adjusting the volume of $H_2SO_4$ the reaction time, and temperature. Optimal efficiency for the herbicide mixture was obtained by adding 1 ml of $H_2SO_4$ and 1 ml of TFE to the dried sample and allowing the reaction to proceed at $22^{\circ}C$ for 8 hr or using 0.5 ml $H_2SO_4$ and 1 ml of TFE at $60^{\circ}C$. For 120 min increasing the temperature and decreasing the reaction time were required for maximum esterification efficiency. The sensitivity of the GC/ECD to the TFE esters was about $2{\sim}20$ times greater than that to the methyl ester derivatives. The herbicides were extracted and esterified to TFE derivatives simultaneously from soil leachates previously spiked with the analytes. Herbicide recovery, peak resolution, and detector sensitivity were excellent without using column cleanup procedures.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 1997

This study was carried out in order to investigate effective aroma components of Korean traditional soy sauce. Volatile aroma compounds were extracted by solvent extraction, TMS esterification of methyl acetate extracts and SDE, and analyzed by GC/MSD. 140 voltile aroma compounds were detected by three different extraction methods. Most abundant volatile compounds were acids and phenols and identified aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, furans, furanone, alcohols, esters, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds and thiazoles, too. In the analytical sensory evaluation of soy sauce aroma, there were significant differences between each soy sauce sample in all test item. To sum up, Sweet odor was high in Kyupjang. Nutty odor and traditional soy sauce odor were similarly high in Kyupjang and high concentration soy sauce. Kyupjang had high score in overall odor preference than Chungiangs. The result of multiple regression of soy sauce odor characteristics and gas chromatography pattern demonstrated that offensive and sour odor was affected by octadecanoic acid. Contributive compounds to sweet odor were 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 3,6-dioxa-2,7-disilacotane. Benzoic acid 4-methyl ethyl ester and nonacotane were identified as major compounds of nutty odor. Contribu live variables of traditional soy sauce odor were benzoic acid 4-methyl ethyl ester and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. The main factors of odor preference were 3-methyl pentanoic acid, acetic acid, 2,6-dimethyl heptadecane and 3,6-dioxa-2,7-disilacotane.

• 공업화학
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.72-76
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 폐커피가루를 이용하여 커피유를 추출한 후 커피유를 이용한 바이오디젤의 제조특성을 고찰하였다. 커피유의 바이오디젤 제조의 변수로는 메탄올/커피유 반응몰비(6~18), 반응온도($45{\sim}60^{\circ}C$) 등을 선정하여 커피유의 바이오디젤 제조 시 최적조건을 결정하고자 하였다. 제조된 바이오디젤의 성능은 바이오디젤 수율, methyl ester 함량, 점도, 발열량 등을 측정하여 평가하였다. 평가결과 바이오디젤 수율 및 methyl ester 함량을 고려한 최적 반응온도는 $55^{\circ}C$이었으며, 메탄올/커피유 몰비가 12일 경우 가장 우수한 바이오디젤을 제조할 수 있었다. 커피유를 이용하여 제조된 바이오디젤의 발열량을 측정한 결과 39.0~39.4 MJ/kg으로 바이오디젤 기준인 39.3~39.8 MJ/kg을 만족하였다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.447-454
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• 2009

Cloisite 30B가 박리, 분산된 폴리에스테르형 디올을 제조하였다. 먼저, Cloisite 30B에 치환된 2-hydroxyethyl기를 가진 4급 암모늄염을 과량의 adipic acid와 혼합하여 $130^{\circ}C$에서 반응시켜, 에스테르기로 연결하고 양말단에 카르복실기를 가지는 ethyl-ester adipic acid 암모늄염으로 만들었다. 이 과정에서 Cloisite 30B의 실리케이트 층간 간격이 $18.4\;{\AA}$ ($2{\theta}=4.9^{\circ}$)에서 $58.3\;{\AA}$ ($2{\theta}=1.5^{\circ}$)보다 넓게 확장되었다. 층간 간격의 확장은 분자크기가 작은 adipic acid($d{\approx}3.0\;{\AA}$, $L{\approx}9.3\;{\AA}$)가 Cloisite 30B의 층간에서 Cloisite 30B의 2-hydroxyethyl기와 반응하여 분자크기가 커졌기 때문이다. Cloisite 30B가 박리/분산된 adipic acid를 과량의 diethylene glycol([COOH]/[OH]${\approx}0.6$)와 혼합하여 $140^{\circ}C$ 에서 반응시킴으로써 diol을 합성하였다. Acid value로 측정한 전환율은 94%였다. 합성한 diol은 수평균분자량이 830 g/mol, PDI가 1.2로, 평균중합도가 약 7.8인 polyester-diol 형태이다.