• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 1985

^x In Korea, we are entering on a new phase that the use concept of urban park is extending to dynamic activities such as games and sports. This article is to investigate the significance of lawn areas, as a receptive space of such a wide range of recreation activities. As a study process, Green Styles (type of parks) such as Garden Type, Park Type and Forest Type were studied and historical review of lawn areas in park development was performed. In conclusion, the lawn areas ( greensward) are an essential part of park and open space organization. The significance as a conclusion is presented as follows : 1 ) Balance in type of parks The structures of our parks and open spaces are inclined toward the artificial Garden Type and natural Forest Type. Therefore, the intermediate Park Type and sparse wood areas should be a core part of our park and open space development. 2) Psychological effect Park Type areas, thorned by greensward(lawn area), can refresh urban dwellers with natural picturesque landscaps, and Park Type landscape is the most preferred natural landscape. It shows the essence of natural amenity as 3) Accomodation of wide range of recreation activities Lawn areas in urban park are the best place in accomodating the wide range of active and massive recreation activities. Thus, lawn areas can increase the freedom of recreation use in urban park. 4) Enlargement of physical carrying capacity. With expansion of lawn areas of euro- american concept, the structural open space can be transformed into service open space. Thus, the recreation carrying capacity of urban parks can be enlarged.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2012

This study has been carried out to verify curative effect of lavender and lawn, a green space composition factor. Thus, the physiological index value of blood pressure, heart rate and salivary amylase were measured with object of 16 women in their 20~30s for stress relaxation effect at lavender garden and lawn square, and impression assessment upon SD method as for psychological value was performed in this study. And a survey was conducted on necessity and reason of urban green space with object of 345 men and women urban workers. As a result of variance analysis between groups and multi test of Turkey upon object place, the blood pressure was lowered the same at lavender garden and lawn square, and especially, high blood pressure was greatly lowered to 30 mmHG at lavender garden. On the other hand, low blood pressure group showed the tendency of a little increasing at the same places. And for the pulse, there was difference between high blood pressure group and normal group at the same places. To conclude, at lavender garden and lawn square the blood pressure was made to be lowered when it's high, and when it's low, the effect of returning to sound status, the function of increasing, was verified. In case of impression assessment upon SD method, the lawn square was assessed as resting place and lavender garden diversional place. And over 90% of urban workers responded to the green space's necessity and curative effect, diversion and resting place were adopted for the reason in high-ranking items. As above the green space pattern that urban workers require and curative effect of lavender garden and lawn square were verified. Therefore, the functional green space plan is required, which curative effect, diversion and resting place are considered, for the future green space plan design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.99-111
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• 2009

There have been continuous studies about urban parks since 1971 until now. However, there was neither deep analysis of park space nor research about green areas and lawn space. Below is the summary of the main results obtained based on the analysis of the problems with the spatial structure and park facilities of 8 examinatory parks. The analysis of use pattern revealed that lawns in green areas are becoming almost unusable spaces. Therefore plans for more active utilization of lawn space is necessary. There were high correlations among unnecessary and necessary factors of park, use of green areas and the reasons for not using it; thus the analysis suggested that other plans be considered for utilization of lawn space in oder to obtain stronger efficacy. The objective of the present research was to suggest an opinion concerning the improvement of spatial structure of urban parks, by making unusable spaces of parks usable through appropriate park structuring, so that users can utilize more parks. Especially with regard to green areas, the present research has a meaning in that it suggested a method of improving spatial structure by means of green areas desired by users and facilities they can use.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of spatial distributon patterns of users by each type of recreational activities at lawn areas in the parks. Study sites were lawn areas at Kyungju World and Seorabul Plaza in Bomun Resort Complex in Kyungju, Korea. Space types by each recreation activities are Repose Type, Sports Type, Play Type and Strolling Type. Main results are as follows ; 1. Sport Type activities were mainly distributed at the central areas of each lawn areas. 2.The density of Sports Type activities were affected by the form of lawn areas. For natural control of excess dynamic activities, Complex Form has more advantage in the distribution of dynamic activities. So, as the form of lawn areas in the parks, complex form is more desirable. 3.Repose Typo activities were distributed at marginal areas of lawns and surrounding woods. These, the static activities, were affected by Edge Effect in spatial distribution of activities. 4.Play Typo activities also were distributed at marginal areas of lawns. It was also affected by Edge Effect in spatial distribution. 5.Strolling Type activities were distributed evenly over all lawn areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2000

Microclimate of open spaces on campus tends to be important because it is related with people's comfort and it can influences their behaviors in outdoor during summer. Climatic components for 4 points, concrete paving, lawn, landscaped pergola and nearby forest on university campus were measured and evaluated. The results show that the air temperatures on paving such as concrete and lawn under the direct solar radiation were higher than the temperatures of canopied spaces such as pergora and nearby forest by up to $7^{\circ}C$ during summer. Characteristics of temperatures on lawn were similar to those on concrete paving. After evaluation, concrete surface was worst among 4 points, while landscaped pergola was the most effective facility in terms of thermal comfort during summer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2009

This study aims to analyze the current situation of and issues in the structure of urban neighborhood parks and park facility installation in cities in Gyeonggi-do. Then, based on its findings, plans to improve the space structure of the parks were examined and suggested to raise the city environment improvement function and green area base function of urban parks and fully satisfy users' needs for pleasant rest, recreation and cultural activities. The findings showed that, within parks, the area of grass where access was restricted reached about 24.4% in average. In other words, only 75.6% of total park area could be freely used by park visitors. As for an improvement plan, the grass area where access is limited may be converted into a gras area that can be freely used to raise the park use area, which currently stands only at 75.6%, to 100%. The result of cross analysis through Chi-Square Test regarding lawn use as well as regarding (dis)agreement with reduction of lawn, based on the investigation of cognition, showed a significant agreement of park users with reduction of green areas. Therefore it is considered that lawn space must be reduced according the result of the analysis, to set up plans for facility space that would meet the desires of users. The analysis of user behaviors revealed that many of them used square spaces and walks; therefore it is considered that re-structuring of space is necessary according to local characteristics. This study also made some policy suggestion. urban parks must be a base of city green areas to counter climate changes. When developing a park creation plan, a user demand survey must be conducted in advance. In addition. grass construction methods should be improved to tolerate foot pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2002

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for the New Government Buildings of Dalseong-gun which was held by the municipal authority of Dalseong-gun in June, 2002. The site is located at 1313 Gumpo-ri, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu Metropolitan City and has an area of 50,000$m^2$. The judging criteria for the landscape design set by the Dalseong-gun could be articulated as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects the surrounding n a locale which functions as a community center of Dalseong-gun, a resting place for the welfare of its employees and visitors, and finally a place with diverse landscape elements reflecting the individual identity of each facility. The main design concepts of this project could be summarized as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects and utilizes the existing natural landscape resources, a design which features a harmony of nature with architecture and exterior space with interior space, and a design which balances esthetic form and practical function. This design consists of four major outdoor spaces ; the lawn, the entry plaza, a pine grove, and a deck area on the third floor. The multi-purpose lawn area near the main entrance area can be used for flea markets, outdoor weddings, and picnics for its neighbors. The adjacent plaza and parking lots can be unified as one space in case of large events. The entry plaza has three axes. Each of them represents the Assembly, the Administration, and the Culture. A big circle in the paving pattern unifies the three individual axes. A group of Zelkova trees was introduced to reflect local flavor. The existing pine grove was preserved as a symbolic 'park' for the Gumpo district. The outdoor amphitheatre within the grove was introduced by utilizing the existing topography, The flow of 'nature'on the deck area was designed to connect Mt. Gumkae with the 'city'. It is a comfortable resting place for its employees and visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.74-84
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• 1997

최근. 급격한 도시화 현상으로 인한 불투성 지표의 증가는 도시의 생태적 측면에 변화를 일으키고 있으며, 도시의 온난화 현상. 도시의 사막화 현상 등이 그 결과로 나타나고 있다. 특히, 분투수성 지표가 많은 도시에서는 그 수문학적 기능이 투수성 지표에 의존하고 있으며, 도시의 투수성 지표에는 오픈 스페이스와 주변의 생산녹지 등이 있다 이러한 관점에서 투수성 지표에 관한 연구가 필요함에도 불구하고 많지 않았고, 대부분 포인트별 연구였다. 본 연구는 도시 내의 수문기능 환경변화개선에 관한 기초자료로 동경의 대표적 도시공원인 코카네이 (소금정) 공원과 동경 근교의 치바현 (천엽현)위치한 치바(천엽)대학 부속 카시와 (상) 농장을 대상지로 선정 토양환경기능의 간접적 지표가 되는 토양경도를 나카야마식(산중식) 토양경도 계륵 사용하여 5120 Cm의 라인위에 10 Cm간격으로 512개씩 코카네이(소금정) 공원에서 9라인. 카시와(상) 농장에서 7라인을 공간별로 측정하고. 그 측정값을 다중비교검정과 Bartlett's 검정에 의하여 검정후에, 랜덤 데이타분석에 적합한 FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)를 사용하여 분석하였다 본 연구의 측정값을 다중비교검정과 Bartlett's 검정한 결과, 유의타가 없었고, 각 데이터를 분석한 결과. 공원의 9라인과 농장의 7라인은 분석 그래프의 유형에 의해 각각 2가지로 분류되었고, 전체적으로는 3가지로 분류할 수 있었다 특히 공원과 농장의 분석 그래프에서는 수평 방향으로의 변화에 대한 수직방향의 변화가 비슷한 스펙트럼이 공통적으로 나타났고. 각각 최대 값은 다르나 제1주기 부분에서는 답압과 같은 인위적인 요인에 의한 논은 수직방향의 스펙트럼 변화가 관찰되었다. 또한, 강우가 녹지의 경도변화에 미치는 가를 관찰하기 위하여 강우전과 강우후에 같은 라인(Line1과 Line2)을 측정하여 분석한 결과, 측정값의 평균에서는 차이를 보였으나. 주기의 변화는 거의 없었다. 전체적으로 분석 그래프에서는 공간별로 스펙트럼의 수평방향에 대한 수직방향의 변화량의 차이는 보였으나 비슷한 주기를 나타냈고, 가작의 유형은 공원의 녹지공간(lawn-area)과 나지공간(bare-area)으로, 농장을 녹지공간(lawn-area)과 경작공간(field-area)으로 분류할 수있었다. 종합적으로 녹지를 지질학적 구조의 고유한 특징이 아닌. 답압 등과 같은 인위적인 요인에 따른 속성들에 의하여 나타나는 스펙트럼의 분석을 통하여 녹지공간(lawn-area). 나지공간(bare-area)그리고, 경작공간(field-area)으로 분류할 수 있었다..

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.77-94
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to present a design proposal of the senior housing in the city of Kimje and design guidelines for making outdoor spaces for Korean elderly. To do this, this study examined previous research papers and scholastic writings, related to elderly housing, and analyzed study cases of elderly housing. As a result, design guidelines of outdoor spaces for elderly were classified 5 types. Entrance area of housing complex is subdivided into the condition of location, the entrance of housing complex, an access road, and a direction mark. Building entrance area is subdivided into an access and waiting area, a canopy facility, and the pattern and color of boundary. In & outdoor neutral area is subdivided into a spatial standard, a patio, and a terrace. Parking lots is subdivided into a spatial standard and an entrance access. Outdoor living area is subdivided into a spatial and social standard, the usage of movable chairs, a garden, a pocket park, a lawn area, a sports area, an active and passive sports area, a promenade, a lookout area and so on. In these study cases, outdoor living area is commonly located into a community space, a nature friendly space, a health & sports space, and an outlook space and it plays positive role to the elderly. However, versatile outdoor spaces such as horticultural therapy garden is needed, which can be able to stimulate the physical senses of the elderly. This proposal is meant to create new outdoor spaces of a senior housing and to enhance the way of life of elderly.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 2013

With the methodology of AHP, this paper focuses on communication activities and their constituents in city parks, selecting 11 constituents, natural or artificial, and establishes an evaluation model on the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of tourists' communication activities in order to obtain the weight and order of importance of the constituents of communication activities space. First-grade indicators influence weight and the order of the constituents of communication activities space are: artificial constituents (0.6614) > natural constituents (0.3386). The weight and order of five secondary indicators attached to natural constituents: private space (0.1538) > shade tree (0.0955) > gentle slope mound (0.0474) > beautiful waterscape (0.0270) > sunshine lawn (0.0149); the weight and order of six secondary indicators attached to artificial constituents: field boundary (0.2865) > Leisure chairs (0.1843) > resting areas (0.0795) > appropriate square (0.0533) > tree-lined road (0.0352) > landscape sketch (0.0227).Using modern decision analysis methodology to research the relationship of environment constituent elements has great theoretical and practical significance for the scientific design and construction of suitable environment for human needs.