• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.24
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• pp.170-183
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• 2011

This study explored how a Chinese college student who previously had not reached a threshold level of Korean proficiency used L1 (Chinese) and L2 (English) as a tool to socialize into Korean (L3) culture of learning over the course of study. From a perspective of language socialization, this study examined the cross-linguistic influence of L1 and L2 on the L3 acquisition process by tracing an approach to language learning and practices taken by the Chinese student as a case study. Data were collected through three methods; interview protocols, various types of written texts, and observations. The results showed that the student used English as a means to negotiate difficulties and expertise by empowering her L2 exposure during the classroom practices. Her ways of using L2 in oral practices could be characterized as the 'Inverse U-shape' pattern, under which she increased L2 exposure at the early stage of the study and shifted the intermediate language to L3 at the later stage of the study. When it comes to the language use in written practices, the sequence of "L2-L1-L3" use gradually changed to the "L2-L3" sequence over time, signifying the importance of interaction between L2 and L3. However, the use of her native language (L1) in a Korean-speaking classroom was limited to a certain aspect of literacy practices (i.e., vocabulary learning or translation). This study argues for L2 communication channel in cross-cultural classrooms as a key factor to determine sustainable learning growth.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1015-1030
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• 1996

We investigate complemented Banach subspaces of the Banach envelope of $eak L_1$. In particular, the Banach envelope of $weak L_1$ contains complemented Banach sublattices that are isometrically isomorphic to $l_p, (1 \leq p < \infty)$ or $c_0$. Finally, we also prove that the Banach envelope of $weak L_1$ contains an isomorphic copy of $l^{p, \infty}, (1 < p < \infty)$.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Korean (L1)-English (L2) bilingual adults' and children's production of Korean and English stops was examined to determine the age effects and L2 experience on the development of L1 and L2 stop contrasts. Four groups of Seoul Korean speakers (experienced and inexperienced adult and child groups) and two groups of age-matched native English speakers participated. The overall results of voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0) of phrase-initial stops in Korean and word-intial stops in English showed a delay in the acquisition of L1 due to the dominant exposure to L2. Significantly longer VOT and lower F0 for aspirated stops as well as high temporal variability across repetitions of lenis stops were interpreted to indicate a strong effect of English on Korean stop contrasts for bilingual children. That is, the heavy use of VOT for Korean stop contrasts shows bilingual children's attention to the acoustic cue that are primarily employed in the dominant L2. Furthermore, inexperienced children, but not adults, were shown to create new L2 categories that are distinctive from the L1 within 6 months of L2 experience, suggesting greater independence between the two phonological systems. The implications of bilinguals' age at the time of testing to the degree and direction of L1-L2 interaction are further discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-36
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• 1999

In this paper, we determine the dimension of the rectangular product of certain finite lattices. In face, if L1 and a L2 be finite lattices which satisfy the some conditions, then we have dim (L1$\square$L2) = dim(L1) + dim(L2) - 1.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.206-208
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• 1990

Cu(II) hexaazamacrotricyclic complexes $[Cu(L)](ClO_4)_2$ and $[(Cu(L)Cl]ClO_4$, where L = 1,3,6,9,11,14-hexaazatricyclo$[12.2.1.1^{6,9}]octadecane(L_1)$ or 1,3,6,10,12,15-hexaazatricyclo$[13.3.1.1^{6,10}]eicosane(L_2)$, have been prepared by the simple template condensation reactions of triamines, diethylenetriamine for $L_1$, and N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine for $L_2$, with formaldehyde in the presence of $Cu(OAc)_2\;or\;CuCl_2$. The Cu(II) complexes of $L_1$ contain two 1,3-diazacyclopentane ring moieties and those of $L_2$ contain two 1,3-diazacyclohexane ring moieties that are fused to the 14-membered macrocyclic framework. Spectra indicate that complexes $[Cu(L)](ClO_4)_2\;and\;[Cu(L)Cl]ClO_4$ have square-planar and square-pyramidal chromophores, respectively. square-planar $[Cu(L)](ClO_4)_2$ are remarkably stable against ligand dissociation in acidic aqueous solutions. Square-pyramidal $[Cu(L)Cl]ClO_4$ complexes dissociate their axial Cl-ligands easily in aqueous solutions to form $[Cu(L)H_2O]^{2+}$ species. Infrared and UV/vis absorption spectra of the Cu(II) complexes reveal that Cu-N interactions and the ligand field strengths are significantly weaker in the complexes of $L_2$ than in the complexes of $L_1$.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1991

The mixed convection heat transfer from vertical inline plates has been studied numerically by the finite difference method and experimentally with Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The dimensionless spacing, $s/L_1$, the relative length, $L_2/L_1$ and the dimensionless temperature ratio, ${\Phi}_2/{\Phi}_1$ are varied parametically. The lower plate mean Nusselt numbers show same values as $s/L_1$, ${\Phi}_2/{\Phi}_1$ and $L_2/L_1$ increase. The upper plate mean Nusselt numbers increase as $s/L_1$ and ${\Phi}_2/{\Phi}_1$ increase, but $L_2/L_1$ decreases. The upper plate mean Nusselt number is higher than the lower plate mean Nusselt for $s/L_1$ 1.8 at Re=100, $Gr=10^4$, Pr=0.71, $L_2/L_1=0.5$ and ${\Phi}_2/{\Phi}_1=1.0$. A comparison between the experimental and numerical results show good agreement.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 1990

This experiment was to investigate the Leptospiral antibody in the pigs with the serological test in two areas of Kangwondo from March to April. 1989. Twelve different living antigen (L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. pomona, L. hardjo, L. australis, L. canicola, L. autumnalis, L. grippotyphosa, L. tarassovi, L. pyrogenes, L. bataviae, L. lai and L. ballum) of Leptospira interrogans was used for the serological test in the pigs. The blood sample of 280 pigs collected from the slaughter houses were detected by microscopic-agg-lutination test. The results were as follows, 1. Among the serum sample of 280 heads of the pigs, 6 heads of the swine (2.14%) were positive. 2. Among the positive sample of 6 heads, 3 heads of the swine (1.1%) showed the antibody of L. ict-erohaemorrhagiae, 2 heads of the swine (0.7%) showed the antibody of L. canicola, and 1 head of the swine (0.4%) showed the antibody of L. pomona. 3. The positive rate of Leptospira interrogans in the swine of Kangwondo appeared to be very low.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1992

This experiment was to investigate the Leptospiral antibody in the pigs with the serological test by the microscopic-agglutination-test (MAT) from November 1991. to Januaury 1992. Antigen(living antigen) was used L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. pomona, L. canicola, L. hardjo, L. ballum, L. australis, L. autumnalis, L. grippotyphosa, L. tarassovi, L. pyrogenes, L. bataviae, L. hebdomadis for the serolgical test in the pigs. The result obtained are summarized as follows of the total 202 serum samples examined, 1. Among the serum samples of 202 heads, 19 heads of the pigs(9.4%) were positive. 2. Among the positive samples of 19 heads, The detected were L. icterohemorhagiae 10 heads(5.0%), L. pomona 3 heads(1.5%), L. canicola 6 heads(3.0%). 3. Antibody titers of positive sera were ranging from 1：100 to 1 : 400. Serotiters appeared to be very low, 4. The seroprevalence of Leptospira in Chechon was higher than that other districts (5. 4% -5.8%), but the lower than Chung-nam, Kyonggi(13.7-15.9%)

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2001

The experiments were conducted to establish the in vitro culture system of apple rootstock M.9. The meristem tissue of M.9 were pre-treated in antiox: dant solution containing 100 mgL$^{-1}$ ascorbic acid and 150 mgL$^{-1}$ citric acid for 30 minutes, transferred to the MS liquid medium added with 0.1 mgL$^{-1}$ IBA, 0.5 mgL$^{-1}$ GA, and 30 gL$^{-1}$ sucrose, which shaked by 50 rpm for 2 weeks, and then, cultured in same composition of MS agar medium. This treatment stimulated shooting from the tissue, the most favorably, compared with other treatments. All young shoots produced normal roots when they were shake-cultured on the 1/2MS liquid medium added with 0.5 mgL$^{-1}$ IBA, 30 gL$^{-1}$ sucrose and 1,000 times diluted solution of Hormex by 50 rpm for one week, and subsequently transferred to the 8 gL$^{-1}$ agar medium of the same composition as pre-culture medium minus Hormex.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2008

Structural studies have been performed on precipitation hardening and microstructural variations found in Ti-Al-Cr ternary $L1_0$- and $L1_2$-phase alloys using transmission electron microscopy. Both the $L1_0$ and $L1_2$ phase alloys harden by aging at 973 K after solution annealing at higher temperatures. The amount of age hardening of the $L1_2$ phase alloy is larger than that of the $L1_0$ phase alloy. The phase separation between $L1_0$ and $L1_2$ phase have not been observed by aging at 973 K. But $Al_2Ti$ was formed in each matrix alloy during aging. The crystal structure of the $Al_2Ti$ phase is a $Ga_2Zr$ type in the $L1_0$ and a $Ga_2Hf$ type in the $L1_2$ phase, respectively. At the beginning of aging the fine coherent cuboidal $Al_2Ti$-phase are formed in the $L1_0$ phase. By further aging, two variants of $Al_2Ti$ precipitates grow along the two {110} habit planes. On the other hand, in the $L1_2$ phase, the $Al_2Ti$ phase forms on the {100} planes of the $L1_2$ matrix lattice. After prolonged aging the precipitates are rearranged along a preferential direction of the matrix lattice and form a domain consisting of only one variant. It is suggested that the precipitation of $Al_2Ti$ in each matrix alloy occurs to form a morphology which efficiently relaxes the elastic strain between precipitate and matrix lattices.