• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.16 no.6 s.109
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• pp.455-464
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• 1978

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.184-194
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate predictors of behavior problems of military children in elementary school. Methods: Participants were 195 military children who were attending D-elementary school in C-city. Data were collected from July 8 to July 10, 2013, using self-report questionnaires which included Han's Externalized Behavior Problems Scale, Lee's Parent's Rearing Attitude Scale, and Hong's Friend/Teacher Support Appraisal Scale. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program, which included the t-test, the one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and the multiple liner regression analysis. Results: The mean score of the subjects' behavior problem was 1.47/5.0 points. The degree of the score is similar to or slightly lower than that of ordinary children. There were statistically significant differences in behavior problems according to gender, grade, birth order and economic status. Behavior problems have a negative correlation with parent's rearing attitude, parent-child relationship, teacher's support, and friend's support. Influencing factors of behavior problems were teacher's support, father-child relationship, and mother's rearing attitude, which explained 20.6% of the variance. Conclusion: The finding of this study suggests there is a need to increase teacher's support for elementary students and to educate parents to improve their parenting skills by developing proper school health programs.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2002

Food preference of children may be determined by various lifestyle and environmental factors. This study evaluated the effect of rural or urban inhabitance, cooking methods, and frequency of exposure to vegetable dishes on the acceptance of vegetables by 452 fifth grade children. The subjects were students utilizing meal service in public elementary schools in Boryeoung-city, Chungcheong-nam-do (urban); Cheolwon-gun, Gangwondo (rural); or Pocheon-gun, Kyeonggi-do (suburban). A survey was used to determine the preference of students for 59 foods containing vegetables as a primary ingredient, and categorized by fat content (high, low, or intermediate). Children with working mothers and those living in urban areas tended to have less preference for vegetables than their counterparts in rural areas or with mothers who remained at home. Preference for vegetable foods was correlated with the frequency that vegetable foods were prepared by mothers. Vegetable dishes with a high fat content were preferred over those with low or intermediate fat content, except far soup. This study suggests that children who live in urban areas and whose mothers work outside of the home may be predisposed to nutritional deficiencies due to poor acceptance of vegetable foods, and that all children may be at risk for over-consumption of dietary fat, due to a preference for high fat foods.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2020

Recently, due to the child-friendly city project being conducted by UNICEF, the movement to create a child-friendly cities has been actively promoted by the South Korean government. However, due to the lack of specific physical plans to improve the basic rights of children in the city, the project has been mainly implemented for educational and institutional projects. In this study, we investigated the activities of children and parents living in elementary school neighborhoods. Based on our investigation, we attempted to generate the desired results that can be referred to by physical planners looking to make changes to school neighborhoods by comparing and analyzing children and parents' activity range and life patterns in the neighborhood. The GPS and traffic log surveys were conducted as the primary research methods. The results of this study are as follows: First, both children and parents are most likely to walk in their neighborhoods. In addition, the use of private cars and school vehicles was high, but the use of public transportation was low. Second, the longer parents and children stayed together, the wider the range of their activities. Third, children who spent a lot of time with parents were more likely to have diverse life patterns than children who did not spend a lot of time with parents. Fourth, parents who live in elementary school neighborhoods frequently used commercial facilities and cultural centers around the school. Therefore, it is important to construct facilities around the school for parent-use.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2015

Public education on soil and soil science in Korea was reviewed through textbooks written in Korean which were used in the primary schools since 1950's. Numbers of words 흙[heuk], the Korean native word meaning soil, and 토양[土壤, toyang], originated from Chinese characters, were counted, and compared with the textbooks published in 1950's, 1970's, and 1990's, 2010's. The Korean native word "heuk" was used 20 times in 1950's, and increased to 55 times in 1970's. In 1990's version, it was decreased to 31 times and to 20 times in the 2010's version. The first appearance in the 1950's version was in the 3rd grade book, but was in the $1^{st}$ grade books in both 1990's and 2010's. In this recent version, the primary school students met this word on the poet, "Toad, Toad build a house", and "Sprout come out through soil clod". The word, "토양, toyang", originated from Chinese characters, 土壤, appears only 2 times in the $6^{th}$ grade in 2010's version. Authors conclusively recommend children should learn meaning of soil at early stage of primary school easily with positive image.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.10
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• pp.386-391
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes and prognostic factors in children with extracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) treated at a single institution. Methods: Sixty-six children diagnosed with extracranial GCTs between 1996 and 2012 were included in the study. Primary treatment was surgical excision, followed by six cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The survival rates were compared according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Cooperative Group classification used for GCTs in adults to validate the classification guidelines for GCTs in children. Results: The median patient age was 4.4 years. In 34 patients (51.5%), the primary tumor site was the gonad. Extragonadal GCTs were detected in 32 patients. The 5-year overall survival and event-free survival (EFS) were $92.0%{\pm}3.5%$ and $90.4%{\pm}3.7%$, respectively. In univariate analysis, tumor histology, metastasis, and elevated alpha-fetoprotein were not prognostic factors in children with extracranial GCTs. However, EFS was poorer in patients with mediastinal disease (n=12, $66.7%{\pm}13.6%$) than in those with nonmediastinal disease (n=54, $96.0%{\pm}2.8%$) (P=0.001). The 5-year EFS was lower in patients older than 10 years, (n=21, $80.0%{\pm}8.9%$) compared with those younger than 10 years (n=45, $95.2%{\pm}3.3%$) (P=0.04). Multivariate analysis identified the mediastinal tumor site as the only independent prognostic factor. Conclusion: The prognosis of children with extracranial GCTs was favorable. However, nongerminomatous mediastinal tumors were associated with poor survival in children. Further research is needed to improve the prognosis of children with malignant mediastinal GCTs.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.291-318
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• 2002

We investigated on the primary school children's abilities of formal reasoning. Seventy students in grade 5 participated in the study. They responsed their best reactions on the problems constituted of three parts requiring the informal or formal reasoning and generalization. Their reactions are classified by some criteria depending the level of reasoning. About 10 students showed that they constructed a kind of scheme for solving the problems, similar to formal reasoning and beyond naive informal reasoning. And about 30 students did so partially. We concluded that the teaching and learning of reasoning by the progressive increasing the degree of rigor from grade 5 is possible.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral health care including some of dental caries activity test on dental clinics of regular visiting on primary school children. The dental surveys and initial caries control and some of dental caries activity test (Alban's, Lactobacillius, S'mutans, un-stimulation saliva test)were performed by trained dental hygienists with dentist from on 6 to 13 years old patients of S dental hospital in Gwangju Metropolitan Cities. The sample size of 39 children (18 in oral health care group, 21 in control group ) and accepted to their parents. The results of caries activity test score(Alban's and Lactobacillius test)were reduced 1.4 to 1.6 times in oral health care group(OHCG). Oral Hygiene Simplified Index of OHCG was reduced 1.6 times during six months and 1 year. DMFT index of OHCG was reduced 1.4 times more than Control Group(CG) after 1 year. DT index of OHCG was reduced 12 times more than Control Group(CG) after 1 year. Dental health capacity of the first perment molar of OHCG was reduced 1.02 times more than CG after 1 year. From the above results, long life related incremental oral health care system has reinforced to primary school children in dental clinic with oral health professional teams.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 1996

Purpose : The incidence of measles was gradually decreased since 1963 when measles vaccination was firstly developed and liscenced in the world. But, recently the outbreaks of measles in infants and school children have been reported despite of wide spread use of measles vaccination. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of measles vaccination and the necessity of revaccination in Korean infants and children. Methods : 168 subjects of mothers and neonates, infants and children were enrolled in this study during the periods of 10 months from March to December in 1995. Measles specific IgG in the sera of mothers and children was measured using EIA kit (Sigma Co., MO, USA). Antibody titer of over or equal to 110 AU/ml was considered positive. Results : The results obtained were as follows. 1) Values of measles specific IgG in the sera of mother and neonate were 82.9 AU/ml and 89.3 AU/ml respectively and were rapidly decreased within 6 month after birth. Positive antibody levels (${\geq}$ 110 AU/ml) were observed in only 25 % of neonates. 2) In vaccinated children, values of measles specific IgG were 117.4 AU/ml in 9~15 month group, 76.9 AU/ml in 3~6 year group and 79.5 AU/ml in 10~15 year group after either one or two times of measles vaccination. Positive antibody levels in vaccinated children were observed in 57.7% of 9~15 month group, 38.4% of 3~6 year group and 34.7% of 10~15 year group. Conclusion : These results suggest that primary measles vaccination before 6 months of age can be considered and revaccination of measles should be recommended before 3~6 years of age. Further studies will be needed to clarify the reasons of high proportion of primary measles vaccination failure and to established the appropriate schedule of measles vaccination in korean infants and children.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.725-729
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• 1972

Ist permanent molars of 3340(1717;1623) primary school children in Kyung Nam and Kang Won province were observed. The results were as follows: 1. In dental health index of permanent 1st molars, male was 98.89, female 97.75, both sexes 95.95 in Kang Won and male was 97.94, female 96.25, both sexes 97.09 in Kyung Nam province. 2. In D.M.F. index, male was 1.11, female 2.25, both sexes 1.68 in Kang Won and male was 2.06, female 3.75, both sexes 2.91 in Kyung Nam province. 3. Female was generally lower than male in dental health index and male was higher than female in D.M.F. index. 4. Epidemiologically, Kang Won was higher than Kyung Nam province in dental health index. 5. In D.M.F. index, Kang Won province was lowest than other districts; city and farm and fishing village. In dental health index, it was increased in Kyung Nam and next was Kang Won province.