• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.525-530
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• 2000

The effects of vortex generators, in the form of small tabs projecting into the flow at the axisymmetric supersonic nozzle exit and triangular thin tapes attached on the inner surface at the nozzle exit, on the characterixtics of supersonic mixing enhancements are experimentally investigated. Delta-shaped tabs as small as 1% of the nozzle exit area produce strong counter-rotating vortices, and is found to produce significant effects on the jet flowfield downstream of the nozzle. The effects is larger on the under-expanded cases than over- and perfect-expanded cases. Nozzle inner surface roughness also can do a role of centerline pressure decay for highly under-expanded jet cases. The effects of the angle of tabs with respect to flow direction are also investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.719-729
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• 2016

The main objective of the present paper is to study the effect of the yield criterion on the magnitude of the strain rate and plastic work rate intensity factors in axisymmetric flow of isotropic incompressible rigid perfectly plastic material by means of a problem permitting a closed-form solution. The boundary value problem consisting of the axisymmetric deformation of a plastic tube is solved. The outer surface of the tube contracts. The radius of the inner surface does not change. The material of the tube obeys quite a general yield criterion and its associated flow rule. The maximum friction law is assumed at the inner surface of the tube. Therefore, the velocity field is singular near this surface. In particular, the strain rate and plastic work rate intensity factors are derived from the solution. It is shown that the strain rate intensity factor does not depend on the yield criterion but the plastic work rate intensity factor does.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1980

The integral equation method to solve the boundary-value problem of a 2-dimensional body oscillating in the presence of a free surface generally breaks down at and near irregular frequencies due to the hypothetical flow inside the body. In this paper singularity distributions were extended to an inner free surface to remove the irregular frequency as Ohmatsu's work in 1978, and the solution for the above problem was found by using stream function. For various bodies including Lewis form cylinders, the hydrodynamic forces were calculated numerically at various wave numbers. From the results we concluded that the irregular frequencies can be removed even for the Lewis form cylinder as Ohmatsu done for circular cylinders, and calculated hydrodynamic forces by the present method are little higher than those of Ohmatsu's when the singularities are put on the inner free surface of the body. We specially point out that the solution for heaving motion converges in an oscillatory manner but not for swaying and rolling motions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.635-646
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• 2007

The reaction of gas-phase hydrogen atoms H with H atoms chemisorbed on a graphite surface has been studied by the classical dynamics. The graphite surface is composed of the surface and 10 inner layers at various gas and surface temperatures (Tg, Ts). Three chains in the surface layer and 13 chains through the inner layers are considered to surround the adatom site. Four reaction pathways are found: H2 formation, H-H exchange, H desorption, and H adsorption. At (1500 K, 300 K), the probabilities of H2 formation and H desorption are 0.28 and 0.24, respectively, whereas those of the other two pathways are in the order of 10-2. Half the reaction energy deposits in the vibrational motion of H2, thus leading to a highly excited state. The majority of the H2 formation results from the chemisorption-type H(g)-surface interaction. Vibrational excitation is found to be strong for H2 formed on a cold surface (~10 K), exhibiting a pronounced vibrational population inversion. Over the temperature range (10-100 K, 10 K), the probabilities of H2 formation and H-H exchange vary from 0 to ~0.1, but the other two probabilities are in the order of 10-3.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the Keum river estuary adjacent to coastal area. For this study we collected the 21 surface sediments samples. Mean size of surface samples was $3.24{\sim}6.65{\phi}$ on inner estuary and was $2.15{\sim}3.42{\phi}$ on outside estuary. Surface samples were composed of silt on inner estuary and were composed of sand which was more larger than $4{\phi}$ on outside estuary. Most major elements except CaO, $Na_2O$ showed good relationships between variation of contents and grain size. Contents of $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $K_2O$, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and $M_nO$ were increased predominately owing to the variation of mean size of surface samples. Contents of Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Sr, Zn, La, Ce, Pb, Rb, Nd have a good relationships with grain size but Ba, Th, Sm have not. All of major and minor elements contents except $K_2O$ and Ba were less than world mean contents of shallow surface sediments but apprehend a high pollution possibility on silt sediments in the estuaries.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 1998년도 춘계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.15-16
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• 1998

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2017

A cyclone is an effective tool to facilitate the collection of aerosol particles without using filters, and in cell exposure studies is able to collect a sufficient amount of aerosol particles to evaluate their adverse health effect. In this study, we examined two different methods to improve the aerosol particle collection efficiency of a cyclone. The individual and combined effects of reducing the surface roughness of the inner wall of the cyclone and of using a circular cone attachment were tested. The collection efficiency of particles of diameter $0.2{\mu}m$ was improved by approximately 10% when using a cyclone with a smoothened inner wall (average roughness $Ra=0.08{\mu}m$) compared with the original cyclone ($Ra=5.1{\mu}m$). A circular cone attachment placed between the bottom section of the cyclone and the top section of a collection bottle, resulted in improved collection of smaller particles without the attachment. The 50% cutoff diameter of the modified cyclone (combined use of smoothened inner wall and attachment) was $0.23{\mu}m$ compared to $0.28{\mu}m$ in the original model. The combined use of these two techniques resulted in improved collection efficiency of aerosol particles.

• 환경생물
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.374-386
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• 2022

Phytoplankton communities, with emphasis on picoplankton and nanoplankton, were investigated in Gamak Bay, South Korea, where freshwater input and coastal water intrusion shape ecosystem functions. Shellfish farms and fish farms are located in the inner bay and outer bay, respectively, and tides translocate uneaten food and urine production from aquaculture farms toward the inner bay. Water masses were distinctly different based on a significantly different density between the surface and bottom layer and among three water masses, including the inner bay, outer bay, and Yeosu Harbor. Phytoplankton communities were quantified using flow cytometry and size-fractionated chlorophyll-a (chl-a) was measured. Salinity was a principal variable separating phytoplankton communities between the surface and bottom layer, whereas Si(OH)₄ controlled the communities in the inner bay, and NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3- governed the outer bay communities. While phycocyanin-containing (PC) cyanobacteria dominated in the outer bay, phycoerythrin-containing (PE) cyanobacteria dominance occurred with cryptophyte dominance, indicating that nutrients affected the distribution of pico- and nanoplankton and that cryptophytes potentially relied on a mixotrophic mode by feeding on PE cyanobacteria. Interestingly, picoeukaryotes and eukaryotes larger than 10 ㎛ were mostly responsible for the ecological niche in the western region of the bay. Given that chl-a levels have historically declined, our study highlights the potential importance of increased small phytoplankton in Gamak Bay. Particularly, we urge an examination of the ecological role of small phytoplankton in the food supply of cultivated marine organisms.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.212-222
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• 1994

In the annular Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition process using two concentric tubes, the inner tube is heated to maintain high temperature gradients to have high thermophoretic force which can increase particle deposition efficiency. However, higher axial velocity in a narrow gap between inner and outer tubes can result in a longer tapered entry length. In the present paper, a new concept using an annular jet from the inner tube is presented and shown to significantly reduce the tapered entry length with maintaining high efficiency. Effects of a jet injection on heat transfer, fluid flow and particle deposition have been studied. Of particular interests are the effects of jet velocity, jet location and temperature on the deposition efficiency and tapered length . Torch heating effects from both the previous and present passes are included and the effect of surface radiation between inner and outer tubes is also considered.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2001년도 제4회 압출 및 인발가공 심포지엄
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• pp.99-106
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• 2001

The design for cold extrusion dies is very important, because the die insert is subjected to very high radial and hoop stresses. The design of cold extrusion dies has many constrained conditions. In this paper, the used assumptions are such that the yield strength of each ring is selected according to the allowable tensile or compressive hoop stress in each ring and the maximum allowable inner pressure, when yielding occurs in one ring of the dies, is obtained by the proposed equation. In order to obtain design variables, such as diameter ratios and interferences, using the maximum inner pressure, the flexible tolerance method was used for shrink-fitted thick-walled cylinders. ANSYS APDL was used to perform the repeated analysis of deformation of the dies due to the variation of the design variables. The response surface methodology is utilized to analyze the relationship between the design variables and the maximum radial displacement of the die insert during extrusion. From the results, it is found that outer diameter of the die Insert has the largest effect on the minimization of maximum radial displacement at the inner surface of the dies.