• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.32-38
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• 1999

This paper search the difference between the village groves for enclosing and the village groves for rest in Chinan-Kun region. Both charged 72.5%(37 groves) of all(51 groves). The form of village groves for rest was various, but that of those for enclosing was linear. The average area of village groves for enclosing was 2,755.4$m^2$ and that of those for rest was 661.2$m^2$. So village groves for enclosing was 4.2 times larger than that of those for rest. In function of village groves, it was identified that function of complementing vacant part was more important than of rest in human settlement region. In the transformation of village groves, the village groves for enclosing were transformed into other productive use than those for rest. Although the worship service were performed annually in the past, that were almost disappeared in present. The forest state of village groves were almost deciduous ones. In vegetation structure, the number of upper trees of village groves for enclosing was 5 times more than that of those for rest. In average appearing rate of upper trees, the village groves for enclosing was 2 times more than that of those for rest. The most principal dominent species of both in upper trec was Zelkova serrata. The species showing highly appearing rate of upper trees were Zelkova serrata, Carpinus tschonoskii, Celtis sinensis, Qercus acutissima, Pinus densiflora, Castanea crenata, Salix glandulosa. etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.10 no.3 s.24
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• pp.27-32
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is on identifying the restoration guidelines of supplementary village grove and villageside forest in case of Neunggil village in Jinan county of Korea. These forests were managed very well before industrialization by village residents in order to obtain fuels and organic fertilizers traditionally. But recently, these forests were abandoned by using natural gas, oil and chemical fertilizer. Therefore, species diversity of these forests was downward and traditional rural landscape was lost. Accordingly, this study suggested the restoration guidelines of these forests through restoring the relationship between man and nature. For this, vegetation map was made by quadrat method. And management guidelines of these forests were suggested by the analysis of vegetation map. Also, for the restoration of supplementary village grove, Miyawiki professor's method of Yokohama university through introducing potential natural vegetation was suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.132-137
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• 2000

In June, the City of Seoul held a design competition for $\ulcorner$Seoul Park$\lrcorner$in Paris to promote friendly relations with its sister city. The purpose of this paper is to articulate the design concept of a scheme submitted by the author. The author interpreted the object of this design competition as follows: if we regards a park not as one of urban planning facilities but as a space for expressing a culture, $\ulcorner$Seoul Park$\lrcorner$in Paris is a space expressing Korean culture, or a culture of the City of Seoul in Paris, France. Three points were emphasized in this scheme: 1. Physical and non-physical aspects of Korean culture, or a culture of the City of Seoul were expressed separately. In physical part, a traditional Korean garden was reappeared to express its authenticity compared to its counterpart, French classical garden - its formal and grand style. In nonphysical part, Seoul's features and its citizen's facial expression were engraved on 'free standing walls' named 'Seoul Expression'. In addition, Korean traditional and modern performing arts will be performed in a square named as 'Seoul madang' surrounded by the free standing walls. 2. A space clearly divided by the fence was necessary to distinguish a traditional Korean garden from the place which looks like an amusement park. Traditional wall, mounding and pine tree groves were included. 3. Bamboo grove with the way taking a walk was introduced. The author expected that Parisian feels oriental mystery, the sound of wind, and the time lag of past and present in this sounding bamboo grove.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.22-32
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• 2021

The Seonwonjeon(璿源殿) in the Deoksugung Palace was initially the ritual space for the royal family affiliated with the Gyeongungung Palace during the Korean Empire. It is currently, however, empty, as a landscape restoration and maintenance plan is established as a part of the restoration project for the Seonwonjeon area. The following results were obtained through the historical investigation of the original form and examination of similar cases. First, the original topography of the backside grove, which had been in the Seonwonjeon area, is 3.0-5.0m higher than the base of the building, and a terraced flower bed(花階) was installed on the border of the green to set off the difference in a scenic way. Second, the backside grove was composed with fruit trees to bear fruits used in rites and pine trees which symbolize the ritual space. Third, resting places were established at both ends of the site for the convenience of visitors without interrupting the atmosphere of the sacred ground. A trail was also created inside the backside grove along with minimum landscape elements, including functionally required items, such as the signboard, bench, tree guard, ramp, street lights, and landscaping lights. Fourth, the information on original planting in the palace and ritual space was extracted through historical materials, such as literatures, antique paintings, and photographs along with site surveys. Based on the information acquired, a planting plan was established for the courtyard, pedestrian road, resting places, terraced flower bed, pine grove, and fruit tree garden, which constitute the landscaping space of the Seonwonjeon area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.56-65
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify remained real state of the village groves in human settlement circle. That was practiced in case of Chinan-Gun region which traditional elements had well been conserved. 33 village groves were found by site survey, reference and interview in Chinan-Gun region. 31 of 51 village groves were clarified as complementing village grove by classification of grove character. It was identified through survey that many were partially destructed by development and human overuse. The results of this study showed general, socio-behavioral characteristics, characteristics of forest state and vegetation structure of village groves in Chinan-Gun region. Length, area, form, type, motive, location, relationship of those were analyzed to identify general characteristics. Facilities, human behavior and ownership of those were analyzed to identify socio-behavioral characteristics. Principal dominant species and appearing rate, height, width, density of those, species diversity of groves were analyzed to identify forest state and vegetation structure. Interrelation between each factor were analyzed and comparative review with previous studies was achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2002

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for the New Government Buildings of Dalseong-gun which was held by the municipal authority of Dalseong-gun in June, 2002. The site is located at 1313 Gumpo-ri, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu Metropolitan City and has an area of 50,000$m^2$. The judging criteria for the landscape design set by the Dalseong-gun could be articulated as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects the surrounding n a locale which functions as a community center of Dalseong-gun, a resting place for the welfare of its employees and visitors, and finally a place with diverse landscape elements reflecting the individual identity of each facility. The main design concepts of this project could be summarized as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects and utilizes the existing natural landscape resources, a design which features a harmony of nature with architecture and exterior space with interior space, and a design which balances esthetic form and practical function. This design consists of four major outdoor spaces ; the lawn, the entry plaza, a pine grove, and a deck area on the third floor. The multi-purpose lawn area near the main entrance area can be used for flea markets, outdoor weddings, and picnics for its neighbors. The adjacent plaza and parking lots can be unified as one space in case of large events. The entry plaza has three axes. Each of them represents the Assembly, the Administration, and the Culture. A big circle in the paving pattern unifies the three individual axes. A group of Zelkova trees was introduced to reflect local flavor. The existing pine grove was preserved as a symbolic 'park' for the Gumpo district. The outdoor amphitheatre within the grove was introduced by utilizing the existing topography, The flow of 'nature'on the deck area was designed to connect Mt. Gumkae with the 'city'. It is a comfortable resting place for its employees and visitors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.527-538
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• 2009

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional life near the vicinity of a ruderal village. This research is done to grasp potential natural vegetation, to use a basis data needed for its management and preservation as well as restoration project by examining the vegetation and flora targeting a village grove of the southern district of Gyeonggi-do which has been seriously damaged subsequent to a rapidly progressing city development. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 69 families, 136 genera, 20 varieties, 3 forms, 170 species-totalling to 193 taxa. Urbanization index was revealed to 4.55% and naturalization rate 6.74%. In life-cycle pattern, perennials were found to show the highest distribution rate; in infiltration-multiplication strategies, human wave tactics type was found to be the highest 51%, consisting of 98 species, and naturalization rate also was revealed to be 6.74%. The vegetation unit was divided into a total of 11 patterns, such as a community of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus rigida-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima community, Castanea crenata community, Castanea crenata-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima-Robinia pseudo-acacia community and Robinia pseudo-acacia community. Quercus acutissima community is of a community type dominated by Quercus acutissima, in place of Pinus densiflora community selected by natural succession.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.816-833
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• 1999

스타일 정보를 중심으로 하는 기존의 워드 프로세서의 출력 문서들을 차세대 인터넷 문서인 XML문서방식에 따라서 표기하고 또한 제목, 초록, 장 및 단락 등과 같은 논리적인 구조를 반영할 수 있도록 구조화함으로써 문서들의 상호교환뿐만 아니라 인터넷에서 유효하게 사용할 수가 있다. 본 논문에서는 스타일 또는 표현 속성 중심으로 하는 다양한 문서의 평면 구조를 XML의 계층적인 논리적인 구조로, 또한 다양한 DTD(Document Type Definition)환경하에서 변경시킬 수가 있는 변환 스크립트 언어를 표현할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 XTML(XML Transformation Markup Language)을 DTD형식으로 정의하고 이를 이용하여 변환 스크립트를 작성하였으며 자동태깅에 적용하여 보았다.XTML은 그 인스턴스에 해당하는 변환 알고리즘의 효과적인 수행을 위하여 즉 기존의 XML문서를 효과적으로 다루기 위하여 문서를 GROVE라는 트리 구조로 만들어 저장하고 또한 이를 조작할 수 있는 기능 및 다양한 명령어 인터페이스를 제공하였다. Abstract Output documents of existing word processors based on style informations or presentation attributes can be structured by converting them into XML(Extensible Markup Language) documents based on hierarchically logical structures such as title, abstract, chapter and so on. If so, it can be very useful to interchange and manipulate documents under Internet environment. The conversion need the complicate process calling auto-tagging by which elements of output documents can be inferred from style informations and sequences of text etc, and which is different from various kinds of simple conversion.In this paper, we defined XTML(XML Transformation Markup Language) of DTD(Document Type Definition) form and also defined the script language as instances of its DTD for the auto-tagging. XTML and its DTD are represented in XML syntax.Especially XTML includes various functions and commands to generate tree structure named as "GROVE" and also to process, store and manipulate the GROVE in order to process efficiently XML documents.documents.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2007

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional community life near the vicinity of a village. This study is done by surveying the vegetation and flora at the village grove situated at the former location for the US military camp. Through such data collected from this study, this researcher could have access to preliminary data needed for restoration project & preservation of not only the village grove surveyed but also the village grove of its neighboring district. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 2 families, 2 genuses, 1 species, and 1 variety, totalling to 2 taxa; a Gymnosperm of 2 families, 2 genuses, 3 species, totalling to 3 taxa; in the realm of an Angiosperm, a Monocotyledon consisting of 5 families, 10 genuses, and 11 species, totalling to 11 taxa; Dicotyledoneal consisting of 24 families, 39 genuses, 40 species, and 3 varieties, totalling to 43 taxa, thus revealing 33 families, 53 genuses, 55 species, 4 varieties and 59 taxa in total. Urbanization index(4.2%) and Naturalization ratio(20.3%) showed a relatively higher numerical value than those of other districts. The vegetation unit comprising a village grove is classified Into the four community units, such as Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata community, and Rosa multiflora community. Quercus serrata community is of a community type dominated by Quercus serrata, in place of Pinus densiflora selected by natural succession, which shows relatively superior lighting adaptability and was surveyed to grow up on not only a tree layer but also a sub-tree layer. With the recent appearance of industrialization, the use of a village grove is reducing due to villagers' leaving, decrease in the number of households, and urbanization; consequently, there came out a pattern of succession to Quercus serrata community, which could be assumed to be potential natural vegetation of this district, after passing through the process of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.51-65
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• 1982

The growth characteristics and appropriate fertilizer-managements in the rejuvenating bamboo grove were studied with Phyllostachys reticulata. The bamboo soil was the sandy loam with rich humus. In the fertilized plots, the N-fertilizer was significantly absorbed, and it was necessary to fertilize the K-fertilizer continuously. According to the development of rejuvenating after flowering, the temperature and relative illumination became lower. while the moisture became higher. The relationship between the diameter at eye height (D) and the culm length (H) of each bamboo can be expressed as follow; $H=2.5538D^{0.5031}$ The leaf area is the major factor for the production of the bamboo grove. Therefore in the rejuvenating grove, we should refrain form pruning or felling of not -flowering bamboo. The theoretical distribution of the internodal length was obtained by the distribution curve line of the internodal length derived from the regular distribution curve line. Relatively long and even internodal length was found in the fertilized plots 2 and 4. The relation between $D^2H$ and dry weight of culm or dry weight of the above ground part were given by linear regression in both relations respectively on the logarithmic coordinates, but the propertional relation was not established in these relations. The biomass of the above ground part obtained by the allometry method showed high values in the fertilized plots 2.5 and 6. The appropriate amounts of the three elements, N, P and K for the maximum dry matter were 24.19, 15.51, 8.63 kg/10a, respectively.