• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.147-162
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• 2003

The technique of information-communication rapidly developed has made it possible for us to do business through Internet. Electronic commerce was increased rapidly by the explosive development of the inter and communication revolution. E-Commerce has created a fundamentally new way of conduction and will change drastically accepted ways of doing business. Normally international trade has been formulated in a way that exporters and importers meet face-to-face and contract and pay by letter of credits. For the global electronic commerce to vitalized, the outstanding matters should encourage the creation of infrastructure of information security and new models in the field of electronic payment systems, electronic commerce agreement for remedy, adapting electronic date interchange in transport documents and negotiability of electronic bills of lading. The payment systems such as electronic fund transfers, tradecard system and electronic letters of credits issued by SWIFT system permit the parties concerned(sellers, buyers ad service providers) to settle payment electronically. Still they are many limitations for complete international electronic transactions. The following measures have to be taken to vitalize electronic trade transactions. It is needed to acquire information security such as authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation and confidentiality. All kinds of documents need to be replaced by electronic date exchange and the legal structure of international convention, national law for electronic payment systems have to be completed. Also a detailed guide of the banking operation and developing rules for electronic letters of credits need to be provided to adopt eUCP rules for the electronic presentation of documents.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.18
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• pp.91-138
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• 2008

A fast foot of information communication technology is appearing as expansion of prompt administrative service desire and national participation desire regarding administration. This is following again by government innovation and demand of customer-oriented governmental implementation with information technology. The Ministries of Education and Human Resources Development proceeded with National Education Information System(NEIS) for the aim of educational informatization at a highest global level. NEIS that was operated from 2003 established a system in Educational Offices in 16 cities/province and the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, and connected all educational administration organizations and primary and middle schools with Internet. Thus, NEIS processes electronically the general administration affairs in educational administration organizations each unit school. The NEIS school affairs business system that is newly enforced is producing an important documentation (of semi-permanent level) such as personal information and grade of students including School Human Document with electronic methods. However, we need to guarantee authenticity, integrity, reliability and usability of documentation because school affairs business system is producing important documentation under poor circumstances. According to this necessity, school affairs business system analyzed how many a record management function includes by the ISO 15489 that was an international record managerial standard. On the basis of these analyses, I will present a plan for management of a school documentation in this study. These researches are meaningful in electronically analyzing a record management function of the National Education Information System(NEIS) and in documentarily approaching management plan. I expect theses researches to be able to used as useful data for documental management plan preparations regarding a productive documentation of all kinds of business systems using in public institutions as well as National Education Information System(NEIS).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2019

This study aims to look at the application methods of landscape architecture in response to the 4th Industrial Revolution. The results of the analysis of trends in the 4th Industrial Revolution and the subsequent search for application methods to the field of landscape architecture are as follows. First, the 4th Industrial Revolution means innovative change based on digital technology and seeks to create value based on intelligent information technology, and continuous growth is being made through innovation. This requires expertise to collect large amounts of information and creatively rework it, and a strategy to flexibly cope with changes in the times. Second, the status of technological use in response to the 4th Industrial Revolution in the field of landscape architecture is generalizing the establishment of precise analysis results such as survey technology and global mapping using drones, three-dimensional design simulation, and VR. In the field of traditional landscape architecture, efforts are made to obtain accurate fact-finding data on landscape site components. Third, the application methods in the field of landscape science according to the 4th Industrial Revolution in the future are required to supply precision technology and supply programs in the technology sector, and to provide a shared platform. In addition, a systemically standardized process will need to be established for this. In addition, educational efforts should be continued to professional manpower training and provide economic support for the development of technologies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.351-361
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• 2021

With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the liberal arts education of universities has been called for fundamental innovation in its content and methods. H university has continuously made efforts to improve its general education curriculum with the goal of satisfying students' needs as well as the demands of the times. Its efforts can be summarized as the harmonization of competency-based education and the traditional liberal arts education. In more detail, it has tried to meet the demands of Ministry of Education which requests each university to establish its general education system focusing on key competencies. Simultaneously, it also radically changed its education system based on the guidelines of the Korea National Institute for General Education(KONIGE). The starting point of those changes was the basic consulting by KONIGE in 2017. According to the consulting report, H university introduced comprehensive and overall revision of its liberal arts education curriculum, increasing its liberal arts credit requirements from 22 to 28 credits in 2019. It has also reorganized and reclassified its liberal arts courses by introducing distributive elective classes. In 2020, in accordance with the guidelines of the Ministry of Education, H university altered its curriculum once more in order to establish a competency-based general education curriculum. Under the new curriculum, all requirement subjects are completely matched with key competencies of H university. It also includes newly opened courses and subject areas such as "Social Service" and "Global Citizenship." Through these changes, H university hopes that its general education contributes to fostering students equipped with key competencies, who can face actively this challenging period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.41-57
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• 2022

The global demand for carbon neutrality in response to climate change is in a situation where it is necessary to prepare countermeasures for carbon trade barriers for some countries, including Korea, which is classified as an export-led economic structure and greenhouse gas exporter. Therefore, digital transformation, which is one of the predictable ways for the carbon-neutral transition model to be applied, should be introduced early. By applying digital technology to industrial gas manufacturing facilities used in one of the major industries, high-tech manufacturing industry, and hydrogen gas facilities, which are emerging as eco-friendly energy, abnormal detection, and diagnosis services are provided with cloud-based predictive diagnosis monitoring technology including operating knowledge. Here are the trends. Small and medium-sized companies that are in the blind spot of carbon-neutral implementation by confirming the direction of abnormal diagnosis predictive monitoring through optimization, augmented reality technology, IoT and AI knowledge inference, etc., rather than simply monitoring real-time facility status It can be seen that it is possible to disseminate technologies such as consensus knowledge in the engineering domain and predictive diagnostic monitoring that match the economic feasibility and efficiency of the technology. It is hoped that it will be used as a way to seek countermeasures against carbon emission trade barriers based on the highest level of ICT technology.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.219-227
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• 2024

The rapidly changing security environment and technological innovations of the 21st century present new challenges to military organizations. Particularly, as the MZ generation, comprised of Millennials (born 1981-1996) and Generation Z (born 1997-2012), emerges as the primary workforce in the military, traditional military personnel management methods are being called into question. The MZ generation, as digital natives, are technologically proficient, prioritize personal growth and quality of life, and prefer horizontal communication and participation. The purpose of this study is to reestablish talent acquisition and retention strategies for military organizations, considering the characteristics and demands of the MZ generation. To this end, we analyzed advanced talent management techniques from the corporate sector and explored ways to apply them to the unique context of military organizations. Additionally, by examining the current status and challenges of the Korean military, we attempted a balanced approach that considers both global trends and Korea's specific circumstances. The research results suggest various strategies including career development programs, cultural innovation, improvement of reward systems, participatory decision-making, enhancement of digital competencies, and creation of flexible work environments. These strategies are expected to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of military organizations while simultaneously enhancing job satisfaction and organizational commitment among MZ generation service members.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-88
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• 2008

Since the implementation of economic reforms in 1978, the Chinese economy grows rapidly at an average annul growth rate of 9% over the post two decades. Franchising has been widely recognized as an important source of entrepreneurial activity. Trust is important in that it facilitates relational exchanges by permits partners to transcend short-run inequities or risks to concentrate on long-term profits or gains. In the relationship between the franchisors and franchisees, trust has been described as an important source of competitive advantage. However, little research has been done on the factors affecting trust in Chinese franchisor-franchisee relationships. The purpose of this study is to investigate what factors affect the trust in the franchise system in China, and to provide guidelines and insights to franchisors which enter Chinese market. In this study, according to Morgan and Hunt (1994), trust is defined as the extending when one party has confidence in an exchange partner's reliability and integrity. We offered a conceptual model of the empirical study. The model shows that the factors affecting the trust include franchisor's supports, communication, satisfaction with previous outcome and conflict. We also suggested the franchisor's supports and communication like to enhance the franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome, and the franchisor's supports, communication and he franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome tend to decrease conflict. Before the formal study, a pretest involving exploratory interviews with owners from three franchisees was conducted to make sure the questionnaire was relevant and clear to the respondents. The data were collected using trained interviewers to carry out personal interviews with the aid of an unidentified, muti-page, structured questionnaire. The respondents comprised of owners, managers, and owner managers of franchisee-owned food service franchises located in Beijing, China. Even though a total of 256 potential franchises were initially contacted, the finally usable sample consisted of 125 respondents. As expected, the sampling method was successful in soliciting respondents with waried personal and firm characteristics. Self-administrated questionnaires were used for all measures. And established scales were used to measure the latent constructs in this study. The measures tapped the franchisees' perceptions of the relationship with the referent franchisor. Five-point Likert-type scales ranging from "strongly disagree" (=1) to "strongly agree" (=7) were used throughout the constructs (trust, eight items; support, five items; communication, four items; satisfaction, six items; conflict, three items). The reliability measurements traditionally employed, such as the Cronbach's alpha, were used. All the reliabilities were greater than.80. The proposed measurement model was estimated using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 analysis package. We conducted A series of exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses to assess the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability. The results indicate reasonable overall fits between the model and the observed data. The overall fit of measurement model were $X^2$= 159.699, p=0.004, d.f. = 116, GFI =.879, NFI =.898, CFI =.969, IFI =.970, TLI =.959, RMR =.058. The results demonstrated that the data reasonably fitted the model. We also examined construct reliability and reliability and average variance extracted (AVE). The construct reliability of each construct was greater than.80 and the AVE of each construct was greater than.50. According to the analysis of Structure Equation Modeling (SEM), the results of path model indicated an adequate fit of the model: $X^2$= 142.126, p = 0.044, d.f. = 115, GFI =.892, NFI =.909, CFI =.981, IFI =.981, TLI =.974, RMR =.057. As hypothesized, the results showed that it is strategically important to establish trust in a franchise system, and the franchisor's supports, communication and satisfaction with previous outcome tend to reinforce franchisee's trust. The results also showed trust seems to decrease as the experience of conflict episodes increases. And we also noticed that franchisor's supports and communication tend to enhance the franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome, and communication tend to decrease conflict. If the trust between the franchisor and franchisee can be established in a franchise system, franchising offers many benefits and reduces many costs. To manage a mutual trust of relationship with their franchisees, franchisor's should provide support effectively to their franchisees. Effective assistant services have direct effect on franchisees' satisfaction with previous outcome and trust in franchisor. Especially, franchise sales process, orientation, and training in the start-up period are key elements for success of the franchise system. Franchisor's support is an accumulated separate satisfaction evaluation with different kind of service provided by the franchisor. And providing support definitely can improve the trustworthy image of the franchisor. In the franchise system, conflicts of interests and exertions of different power sources are very common. The experience of conflict episodes seems to negatively relate to trust. Therefore, it is important to reduce the negative side of the relationship conflicts. Communication actually plays a broader role in reducing conflict and establish mutual trust in franchisor-franchisee relationship. And effective communication between franchisors and franchisees can improve franchisees' satisfaction toward the franchise system. As the diversification of Chinese markets, both franchisors and franchisees must keep the relevant, timely, and reliable communication. And it is very important to improve the quality of communication. Satisfaction with precious outcomes seems to positively relate to trust. Franchisors and franchisees that are highly satisfied with the previous outcomes that flow from their relationship will perceive their partner as advancing their goal achievement. Therefore, it is necessary for both franchisor and their franchisees to make the welfare of partner with effort. Little literature has focused on what factors affect the trust between franchisors and their franchisees in China. This study developed the hypotheses regarding the factors affecting trust in the transaction relationship. The results of data analysis supported the hypotheses strongly. There are certain limitations in this study. First, we may point out that some other factors missed in this study could be significantly important. Second, the context of this study, food service industry, limits its potential generalizability for all franchise systems. More studies in different categories of franchise system are needed to broaden its generalizability. Third, the model was tested empirically in a sample in Beijing, more empirical tests of the proposed model in other Chinese areas are needed. Finally, the analysis in this study was solely based on the perception of franchisees and the opinions of franchisors were not included.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.116-127
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• 1998

The Necessity of Cyber University. Within the rapidly changing environment of global economics, the environment of higher education in the universities, also, has been, encountering various changes. Popularization on higher education related to 1lifetime education system, putting emphasis on the productivity of education services and the acquisition of competitiveness through the market of open education, the breakdown of the ivory tower and the Multiversitization of universities, importance of obtaining information in the universities, and cooperation between domestic and oversea universities, industry and educational system must be acquired. Therefore, in order to adequately cope wi th these kinds of rapid changes in the education environment, operating Cyber University by utilizing various information technologies and its fixations such as Internet, E-mail, CD-ROMs, Interact ive Video Networks (Video Conferencing, Video on Demand), TV, Cable etc., which has no time or location limitation, is needed. Using informal ion and telecommunication technologies, especially the Internet is expected to Or ing about many changes in the social, economics and educational area. Among the many changes scholars have predicted, the development and fixations of Distant Learning or Cyber University was the most dominant factor. In the case of U. S. A., Cyber University has already been established and in under operation by the Federate Governments of 13 states. Any other universities (around 500 universities has been opened until1 now), with the help of the government and private citizens have been able to partly operate the Cyber University and is planning on enlarging step-by-step in the future. It could be seen not only as U. S. A. trying to elevate its higher education through their leading information technologies, but also could be seen as their objective in putting efforts on subordinating the culture of the education worldwide. UTRA University in U. S. A., for example, is already exporting its class lectures to China, and Indonesia regions. Influenced by the Cyber University current in the U.S., the Universities in Korea is willing .to arrange various forms of Cyber Universities. In line with this, at JUNAM National University, internet based Cyber University, which has set about its work on July of 1997, is in the state of operating about 100 Cyber Universities. Also, in the case of Hanam University, the Distant Learning classes are at its final stage of being established; this is a link in the rapid speed project of setting an example by the Korean Government. In addition, the department of education has selected 5 universities, including Seoul Cyber Design University for experimentation and is in the stage of strategic operation. Over 100 universities in Korea are speeding up its preparation for operating Cyber University. This form of Distant Learning goes beyond the walls of universities and is in the trend of being diffused in business areas or in various training programs of financial organizations and more. Here, in the hope that this material would some what be of help to other Universities which are preparing for Cyber University, I would 1ike to introduce some general concepts of the components forming Cyber University and Open Education System which has been established by JUNAM University. System of Cyber University could be seen as a general solution offered by tile computer technologies for the management on the students, Lectures On Demand, real hour based and satellite classes, media product ion lab for the production of the multimedia Contents, electronic library, the Groupware enabling exchange of information between students and professors. Arranging general concepts of components in the aspect of Cyber University and Open Education, it would be expressed in the form of the establishment of Cyber University and the service of Open Education as can be seen in the diagram below.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.181-198
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• 2023

This study aims to analyze the influence of organizational support perception of workers in medical institutions on intrinsic job motivation, and to check whether there is significance in the mediating effect of work-family conflict and work-family balance factors in this process. The results of empirical analysis through the questionnaire are as follows. First, it was confirmed that organizational support recognition had a significant positive effect on work-family balance as well as intrinsic job motivation, and work-family balance had a significant positive effect on intrinsic job motivation. Second, it was confirmed that organizational support recognition had a significant negative effect on work-family conflict, but work-family conflict had no significant influence on intrinsic job motivation. Third, in order to reduce job stress for medical institution workers, it is necessary to reduce job intensity, assign appropriate workload for ability. And in order to improve manpower operation and job efficiency, Job training and staffing in the right place are needed. Fourth, in order to improve positive organizational support perception and intrinsic job motivation, It is necessary to induce long-term service by providing support and institutional devices to increase attachment to the current job and recognize organizational problems as their own problems with various incentive systems. The limitations of this study and future research directions are as follows. First, it is believed that an expanded analysis of medical institution workers nationwide by region, gender, medical institution, academic, and income will not only provide more valuable results, but also evaluate the quality of medical services. Second, it is necessary to reflect the impact of the work-life balance support system on each employee depending on the environmental uncertainty or degree of competition in the hospital to which medical institution workers belong. Third, organizational support perception will be recognized differently depending on organizational culture and organizational type, and organizational size and work characteristics, working years, and work types, so it is necessary to reflect this. Fourth, it is necessary to analyze various new personnel management techniques such as hospital's organizational structure, job design, organizational support method, motivational approach, and personnel evaluation method in line with the recent change in the government's medical institution policy and the global business environment. It is also considered important to analyze by reflecting recent and near future medical trends.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.522-540
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• 2012

The main aim of the paper is to identify the position or status of Korean economic geography in changing global economic geography by reviewing papers published in Korean geographical journals since the mid-1950s. Since the late 20th century as economic geography has developed significantly with the introduction of new research issues, methodologies, and theory and concepts, economic geography in Korea also has gone through rapid development in terms of both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The paper attempts to analyze trends in Korean economic geography by reviewing agricultural, industrial, commercial geographies, and others since the mid-1950s. The review of economic geography in Korea would be based on four periods classified by research issues and approaches; foundation (~1950s), positioning (1960s and 1970s), jump and rush (1980s and mid-1990s), and transitional period (late 1990s~). Agricultural geography in Korea has decreased due to increases of the interests in industrial geography since the 1980s. In particular, since the late 1990s industrial geography has undergone a significant transition in accordance with the emergence of new theories of institutional perspectives, centering around issues on value chains, innovative cluster, cooperative and competitive networks, foreign direct investment, flexible specialization and venture ecology. Along with this, there has been changes in the interest of commercial geography in Korea from researches on periodical markets, the structure of store formats, and distributions by commodity, to researches on producer services and retailer's locational behaviors and commercial supremacy according to the emergence of new store formats. Since the late 1990s, many researches and discussions associated with the new economic geography began to emerge in Korea. Various research issues are focused on analyzing changes of local, regional and global economic spaces and their processes in relation to institutional perspectives, knowledge and innovation, production chain and innovative networks, industrial clusters and RIS, and geographies of service. Although economic geography in Korea has developed significantly both in quantitative and qualitative perspectives, we pointed out that it has still limited in some specific scope and issues. Therefore, it is likely to imply that its scope and issues should be diversified with new perspectives and approaches.