• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2011

Present study aimed to investigate morphological change and gene expression in the gill of Cyprinus carpio after exposure against muddy water caused by riverbed disturbance with various rearing condition. The gill of C. carpio showed abnormal shapes in its secondary lamellae and a rough surface with impure debris after exposed to muddy water for 80 days. In addition, the gills showed the edema, the exfoliation of epithelial cell, and the fusion of the secondary lamellae. Using 20 ACPs, 24 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exposed to muddy water for 80 days were identified. 17 genes among them were up-regulated, while 7 genes were down-regulated in preterm deliveries. A BLAST searches revealed that 3 genes were revealed known genes as calcium transporter 1 (TRPV6) mRNA, macha mRNA for putative puroindoline b protein, and Efnb3 protein-like. Therefore, it is considered that Efnb3 gene from gill would be a useful indicator for neurobehavioral changes in fish influenced by muddy water.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2016

Lectins play significant roles in the innate immune responses through binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surfaces of microorganisms. In the present study, tissue distribution and expression analysis of olive flounder lectins were performed after viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) challenge. Fish egg lectin and serum lectin were found to be predominantly expressed in the gills and liver, these results indicate that the transcript expression of olive flounder lectins is concentrated in immune-related tissues. Following a VHSV challenge, an overall increase in the transcript levels of the genes was observed and the expression patterns were distinctly divided into early and later responses during VHSV infection. In conclusion, olive flounder lectins are specifically expressed in immune-related organs and induced in both the immediate and long-lasting immune responses to VHSV in the olive flounder. These results indicate that lectins may be play important roles in the host defense mechanism and involved in the innate and adaptive immune response to viruses in fish.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

To investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide in israel carp, Cyprinus carpio, toxicity and microbial activities were determined. For hydrogen peroxide toxicity test, the median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) to israel carps Cyprinus carpio (average weight 0.44 g) by acute toxicity was determined after 24 hour treatment. All israel carp were alive in 24 hours treatment at 80 $\mu\ell/\ell$ concentration and $LC_{50}$ value was 148.9 $\mu\ell/\ell$. For biocidal activities of hydrogen peroxide, remove of parasite and growth inhibition of pathogenic bacteria were determined. The parasite Trichodina sp. infected on the skin and gills of israel carps (average weight 0.1 g) was completely eliminated at 40 $\mu\ell/\ell$ of hydrogen peroxide treatment for 24 hour. Most of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against 30 fish pathogenic bacteria were less than 40 $\mu\ell/\ell$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1984

A freshwater fish carp(Cyprinus carpio) was exposed to two organophosphorus insecticides in laboratory to investigate the potential of its bioconcentration. The results are summarized as follows: Bioconcentration factor of diazinon and fenitrothion after 24-hour exposure at 1 ppm concentration was 31 and 57, respectively, for the whole fish. The factor varied among different tissues of the fish in the decreasing order of viscera>rests>gills>muscle. When the fish was exposed to fenitrothion for 28 days at three different concentrations of 6, 30 and 150 ppb, bioconcentration factor in the whole fish ranged from 96 to 138, with a decreasing tendency at higher water concentration. The pesticide was continuously absorbed by the fish, but reaching an equilibrium at the tissue concentration of about 3.5 ppm.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2009

We cloned the complete complementary DNA (cDNA) of a Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-related protein using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA included a 1470 bp open reading frame that began with the first ATG codon at position 103 bp and ended with a TAG stop codon at position 1573 bp (GenBank accession EF451959). The sequence had all major functional domains and characteristics of previously characterized CYP450 molecules, including the heme-binding region (FGVGRRRCVG) and putative arginine codon (R) integral to enzymatic function. An NCBI/GenBank database comparison to other CYP450 genes revealed that the deduced C. gigas CYP450 amino acid sequence is similar to that of mouse (Mus musculus) CYP450 2D/II (28%, accession AK078880), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) CYP450 2D/II (28%, AB008785), and white-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) CYP450 2D (28%, AY082602). Thus, although the C. gigas CYP450 we cloned appears to belong to the 2D type of the CYP450 group, it has low similarity to this type. CYP450 mRNA expression increased over 6 h in C. gigas gills at $30^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, and then decreased, indicating that CYP450 plays an important role in C. gigas exposed to water temperature changes. This finding can be used as a physiological index for Pacific oysters exposed to changing water temperatures.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of dissolved cement powder on Zacco koreanus by analyzing morphophysiological changes. The gills exposed to dissolved cement powder developed abnormal shapes in their secondary lamellae and increased numbers of mucous cells after long-term exposure. Additionally, clubbing, edema, and exfoliation of the epithelial cells were observed in the secondary lamellae. In the kidney tissue, the space in Bowman’s capsule was widened, and in the integument tissue the arrangement of the dermis was irregular due to the thinned epidermis. These results suggest that long-term exposure to cement powder can significantly affect morphological change, resulting death. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and LDH tended to increase commensurately with the duration of cement exposure. It was concluded that up-regulated proteins were the stress proteins involved in myofibrillar-protein production and down-regulated proteins were involved in glycolysis and energy metabolism after the integument’s exposure to cement. According to these results dissolved cement powder is a serious threat to the survival of fish because it causes morphological changes and weakens physiological activity in Z. koreanus tissues.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

Since 1998, a new viral disease with high mortality has been consistently recorded in Korea in cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio. In this study, we investigated an epizootic of the disease that caused high mortality rates in carp obtained from 11 farms in Korea between 1999 and 2007. Assessment of koi herpesvirus (KHV) levels in diseased carp was carried out to determine if this virus was the etiologic agent of disease in this instance. High mortality rates in carp were recorded mainly in the spring and autumn at water temperatures between $19^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. Diseased fish typically showed surface discoloration, with a thick opaque mucus covering the body and gills. Protozoan parasites and bacteria were recovered from 7/29 (24%) and 2/26 (8%) of fish, respectively. Evidence of viral infection was marked; cytopathic effects (CPEs), characterized by cell rounding and an extended cytoplasm in fathead minnow (FHM) cells, were detected in 40/41 fish (98%). A high mortality rate (80%) resulted when supernatants of cell cultures showing CPEs were applied to previously healthy fish. KHV was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6/41 fish (15%), but was not detected in supernatants obtained from cell cultures showing CPEs. These results suggest that KHV may not be the etiologic agent of the high mortality occurring among cultured carp in Korea; therefore, some other-as yet unidentified-infective agent must be responsible.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.411-419
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• 2018

This study investigated the survival rates and physiological responses of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, in live fish containers ($8^{\circ}C$, 33 psu) for 18 days. The survival rate was 99% and 97% in the control and experimental groups, respectively. Hematocrit and hemoglobin did not differ significantly between the control and experimental groups. Glucose and cortisol rose immediately on the first day of containment, but both gradually normalized. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase did not differ significantly between the two groups after recovery. $NH_3$ continued to rise after the first day, but decreased to a level not significantly different from that of the control group during the recovery period. Plasma ions and osmolality did not change abnormally. The hemocyte population was not significantly different from that of the control. The ratios of apoptotic and necrotic cells indicated no specific variation in hemocyte viability. The histological changes in the skin and gills were not significantly different from those seen in the control. The experimental data obtained in this study suggest that live fish containers may be used to transport Korean rockfish without significantly affecting their physiology or survival.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.570-579
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• 1995

Ultrastructural and histochemical changes of mucous cells In the freshwater and seawater-adapted guppy (Poecflia reticulatus) gills were observed by the light, scanning-and transmisslon~lectron microscopes. The mucous cells were usually located in the epithelium of primary lameilne projected from the gill arch. The rough endoplasmic retIculum and Golgi complex were hIghly developed In immature mucous cells. The mature mucous cells were nearly filled with the mucous granules. In the freshwater guppy, the histochemical properties of the mucous cells were a mixture of the neutral mucin, sialomucin and sulfomucin. When guppy was adapted to the seawater, the content of acid glycoproteins (slalomucln and sulfomucin) was decreased. In addition, the number of mucous cells in the seawater-adapted group was less than a third of those in the freshwater one. These results suggest that the seawater-adapted guppy would react to the changed osmotic stress of the seawater. And also, the environmental change by the increased salt concentraion might lead to reduce the chance of infections.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.93-119
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• 2004

Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are widely distributed in fresh water, soil and dust throughout the world, and cause meningoencephalitis or keratoconjunctivitis in humans and other mammals. Korean isolates, namely, Naegleria sp. YM-1 and Acanthamoeba sp. YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, YM-6 and YM-7, were collected from sewage, water puddles, a storage reservoir, the gills of a fresh water fish, and by corneal washing. These isolates were categorized into three groups based on the mortalities of infected mice namely, highly virulent (YM-4), moderately virulent (YM-2, YM-5 and YM-7) and nonpathogenic (YM-3). In addition, a new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Korean isolate YM-4. The morphologic characters of its cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Based on experimentally infected mouse mortality, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. Moreover, an anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal anti-body reacted only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of a 188 small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster based on phylogenic distances. Thus Acanthamoeba YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned Acanthamoeba sohi. Up to the year 2002 in Korea, two clinical cases were found to be infected with Acanthamoeba spp. These patients died of meningoencephalitis. In addition, one case of Acanthamoeba pneumonia with an immunodeficient status was reported and Acanthamoeba was detected in several cases of chronic relapsing corneal ulcer, chronic conjunctivitis, and keratitis.