• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1201-1208
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• 2009

A making a decision of construction cost has important meaning and function for both contractor and owner in construction projects. Especially, it should be premised that estimating the construction cost in efficient and rational way in public construction, which is invested by government funds, for efficient execution of the budget and investment as a side of government. The systematic methodology for estimating construction cost approximately of a river facility construction project has not yet been established because of its unique characteristics including its relatively small project size in terms of cost. On this study, It collect and analyze a river facility construction historical cost data for develop an approximate cost estimating model for river applied by typical embankment section method and rate application of the others activity type. And it verify suitability of model through a that result of application of real river facility construction statement at developed model. By this study, it is expected to reasonable and systematic estimating construction cost through application of developed model.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.268-276
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• 2023

As the climate crisis intensifies, the need to improve the climate resilience of developing countries is ever increasing. Hence, the international community is seeking ways to effectively conduct climate technology transfer by linking the projects with financial mechanisms. However, commercialization of climate technology in developing countries is no easy feat as comprehensive knowledge on the target country is a prerequisite for seeking a suitable technology-financial linkage measure. Hence, in-depth discussions on effective climate technology and financial linkage measures have become an important global agenda, and South Korea, as a country with long experience in climate technology transfer, and a strong ecosystem for public climate technology, should step forward to take up a leading role. Against this backdrop, this paper proposes strategies and implementation measures for linking funds from the Multilateral Development Banks (MDB) with Korea's Public Climate Technology (PCT) by examining several key areas of R&D, international cooperation, and technology commercialization.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2024

Foreign scholars pointed out that the root of the Korean economic crash was A Study on Corporate Social Responsibility and Moral Management due to the government's excessive regulations, the harmful effects of government finance, and the high-cost political structure. Despite the need to ease the rigidity of governmental finance and various regulations and operate the financial system through autonomous market mechanisms, it was argued that various bribes, express fees, and collusive lobbying funds were inevitably generated due to discretionary acts of bureaucrats with licenses and permits, complicated administrative procedures and systems, and regulatory changes in government policies. In fact, in developing countries, corruption was a necessary evil for economic development and was seen as a lubricant in economic management. The purpose of this study is to study the social responsibility and corporate ethics of chaebol. First: consider the problems of large corporations. Second, We will consider the direction and policy of corporate ethics. This paper sheds light on the ethical management of the Korean chaebol, considering that corporate ethics and transparency for the social responsibility of chaebols are important

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-141
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• 2006

The central factor in the pecking order theory of financial structure is the asymmetric distribution of information between managers and less-informed outside investors. Myers and Majluf (1984) show that this asymmetry leads managers to prefer internal funds to external funds. Funds are raised through equity issues only after the capacity to issue debt has been exhausted. In contrast, according to static tradeoff theory, an optimum financial structure exists by the tradeoff between tax saving by debt and bankruptcy costs. This study examines the recent changes of Korean firms' financial structure and financing behavior and the determinants of financial structure. The sample of firms comes from the period of $1996{\sim}2004$, and the number of firms is 32,003. The major findings are as follows. First, in contrast with previous studies using US firms as sample, Korean firms have been using debt financing as their major financing instrument. Especially, the firms in the fund deficit situation relies much more on $long{\sim}term$ and $short{\sim}term$ debts rather than on equity issues. Second, as is the case with previous studies using US firms sample indicates, the financing deficit variable can not explain perfectly the net debt issue. However, compared with net equity issue variable, net debt issue variable is more closely related to the financing deficit variable. Third, when financing deficit variable is added to the current list of explanatory variables of financial structure determinants model, it has a significant and positive explanatory power. In addition, the coefficients of determinants are much improved. Thus, it is concluded that although pecking order theory is not perfect, it appears to be more useful compared to static tradeoff theory, at least in explaining the recent financing behavior of Korean manufacturing firms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1984

The Yangsan Forest Management Station (YFMS) of Korean German Forest Management Project (KGFMP), working with the 6 legal villages of Uljugun, Kyongnam, led the forest owners in the area to organize the Forest Management Cooperative (FMC) voluntairily for improvement of private forest management and fostered it as a model from May 1975 to Apr. 1984. YFMS sent out FMC a forest manager as a forestry expert carrying out the leading extension program at the equal position with forest owners and gave FMC financial, administrative and technical assitances. During the 6 years from 1977 to 1982, 4 FMC were founded and are being operated democratically. 228 forest owners have taken the membership of their own free will and the forestland of the members covers 2,567 ha equivalent to 57% of the total private forest in the area. During the period the total area of the planting and tending is 4,185 ha, this means that a member executed 3.1 ha of forest operations per year in average, showing the high willingness on forest operations. In addition the joint works have resulted in the joint properties equivalent to 27 million Won and it will be an important foundation for operation of FMC which is a forest owners's cooperative organization for improvement of private forest management in this area. The total expenditure spent for the fostering of FMC amounted to 497,587 thousand Won and 58% of them were charged from KGFMP funds, 27% from the forest owners and 15% from public funds. The expenditure for investment was 273,104 thousand Won and 59% of the sum were appropriated as subsidies at the national level. The forest owners charged 43% of that and this means that each member invested approximately 100 thousand Won to his forestland per year in average. For the extension program 169,503 thousand Won were spent and it can be explained that 5,885 Won were spent per ha a year. The organization of FMC operated autonomously in a democratic way and the horizontal and leading extension system, which aspects the human rights, were very much effective in fostering the cooperative organization of forest owners for improvement of private forest management.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

The purpose of this research is to improve the investment success rate for startups in the water industry for the development of the entrepreneurial environment of the Korean water industry. In this research, we identified investment determinants through prior research and stratified them, and then surveyed the investor group at the beginning of the start-up using the FGI method, and determined the order of the investment determinants of investors. At the same time, we classified 41 start-ups related to the water industry into two groups: the group that received investment and the group that did not in the early stages of the start-up. Then we investigated the understanding of the investor's investment determinants, ranked them, and compared them by using the AHP technique. Through this, this research proposes five implications. First, it is important for start-ups in the early stages to receive seed investment to revitalize investment for startups in the water industry. For this, startups need to understand investors and prepare to attract investment with the perspective of angel investors rather than the perspective of VC investors. Second, Start-ups in the water sector should consider that the characteristics of the founder are important in order to receive seed investment, and also need to define their business at the industry and market level, and provide relevant rationale to meet the expectations of investors who value industry expertise and experience, and to increase the possibility of seed investment, which is important in the early stages of a startup. Third, institutions, such as K-water(Korea Water Resources Corporation), that support water industry startups need to conduct open innovation business opportunities discovery programs linked to startups so that startups currently participating in the startup support program could have business opportunities from the business infrastructure of platform-forming companies in the water industry. In particular, such institutions should help founders develop their industrial expertise and careers by supporting this type of start-up preparation process through the participation of in-house venture founders. Fourth, when K-water uses the government start-up support fund to discover and foster founders, it should increase initial contact with seed investors, conduct more thorough verification of business plans, and develop programs that use government start-up support funds to prepare a business suitable for seed angel investors. Fifth, K-water should support seed by connecting funds for initial investment among funds operated by itself. It is also necessary to develop a program that links the company receiving the seed investment with VC investment, not angel investment in cooperation with the VC fund operation entity participating as an LP so that companies that have attracted seed investment could attract follow-up VC investment.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-109
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• 2020

The source of value-added creation in modern times has been transformed from material to man's value-added generating power, and ownership of the means of production has been converted from a particular landlord, capitalist to a person with value-added capacity, and a system of capital participation is needed beyond the profit-sharing system or performance incentive system in which workers of an enterprise participate in simple profits if they significantly increase the added value of the company. It is also necessary to introduce our private stock system as a means of addressing the problem of capital bias and for the stable development of capitalism. The purpose of Employee Stock Ownership Plans is to improve the economic and social status of workers and promote labor-management cooperation by allowing workers to acquire and hold shares of the stock company in which the employee ownership association is established through the employee ownership association, but the reality is that our stock ownership system has failed to achieve its purpose due to insufficient protection against the employee. In terms of welfare, the acquisition of our company shares should include active government support for the welfare of workers' ownership on a social welfare level rather than on the logic of the capital market, and in terms of investment, it would not be appropriate to apply the regulation for investor protection to see workers' acquisition of our company shares as 'investment' in the view of workers' willingness to own shares on the stock market. Therefore, as a way to support and deregulate employee's stock acquisition, 1. Expanding direct support, such as tax support, 2. As employee's stock ownership association is being discussed as a division's nature, it is less effective in terms of various management, not investment, and 3. Those who own stocks with 1% of the company's shares and 300 million won in face value will be classified as major shareholders. As a way to reduce the risk of management of our company owners and cooperative funds, As a measure to reduce the risk of management of our company owners and cooperative funds, only our employee shareholders' association shall manage the fund in a long-term deposit, and even though our employee's stock is managed by the association or company after the end of the deposit period, the management of each employee shall be allowed and In terms of improving the utilization of our company's stock and fund, 1. Employee's stockholders are prohibited from lending during the deposit period, but it is necessary to improve profitability by allowing them to borrow under strict restrictions, 2. It is necessary to make the use of the employee's welfare funds available for the preservation of losses, and to stipulate the redemption obligations of unlisted companies in order to improve the redemption system of our company.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.231-245
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• 2024

While the large-scale retirement of the second baby boomers is predicted, new beginnings such as re-employment and start-up of prospective retirees who attempt to switch careers before and after retirement based on the skills and expertise accumulated in the industrial field are very important in terms of society. Therefore, this study established a research model based on Shapero's start-up event model, a representative theory explaining start-up intention and behavior. In the direct variable affecting the start-up motivation of prospective retirees, factors affecting positive (+) and negative (-) factors In order to comprehensively grasp it, family support and the burden of failure were set as parameters to verify the effect of these factors on the intention to start a business. As a result, a positive (+) influence relationship was found on the effect of the retiree's start-up motivation on the burden of failure, the start-up motivation on the family support, the start-up motivation on the start-up intention, and the family support on the start-up intention. It was found that the start-up motivation had a positive (+) effect on the start-up intention through family support. In other words, for prospective retirees, who are mainly middle-aged, the threshold for start-up has been very low due to technological advances, but nevertheless, family support was found to be a very important factor in the conditions of investing retirement funds and capital, which are important in family relationships. However, it was confirmed that the burden of failure had a negative (-) effect on the start-up intention, and the loss of investment and fear of repayment of the loan appeared as a large burden. Accordingly, it is proposed that prospective retirees who are considering starting a business be able to thoroughly prepare for a start-up through the support of their families, and to operate a specialized outplacement start-up education program that can learn about raising funds and efficient management of funds. It is expected to systematically support retirees' preparation for start-ups, reduce the burden of failure, and ultimately increase the likelihood of a successful start-up.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.99-109
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• 2024

This study is intended to examine factors affecting the survival rate of startups. Based on a literature review of previous studies, this study selected competitive advantage as a variable to represent the survival rate of startups, and the following as antecedents thereof: startup entrepreneurs' external networking behavior, dynamic capabilities, and product development performance. Many previous studies have used qualitative approaches that examined the relationship between each of the variables, while few quantitative studies have empirically demonstrated the relationship. An empirical investigation was, therefore, warranted, which this study conducted. A questionnaire survey of 402 startup entrepreneurs was conducted to measure startup entrepreneurs' external networking behavior, dynamic capabilities, product development performances, and competitive advantage. The following results were obtained. First, startup entrepreneurs' external networking behavior had a statistically significant positive effect on fidynamic capabilities. Second, dynamic capabilities had a statistically significant positive effect on pproduct development performances. Fourth, product development performances had a statistically significant positive effect on competitive advantage. Finally, startup entrepreneurs' external networking behavior had a statistically significant positive effect on competitive advantage by sequentially mediating dynamic capabilities, and product development performances. This study has the following implications. First, this study empirically demonstrated the conceptual model proposed by previous studies as a research model. This study's significance is that it actually demonstrated this empirically. Second, startup entrepreneurs can obtain funds through engaging in external networking. Through interviews with successful startup entrepreneurs, Kim & Moon (2021) developed a theoretical framework to reflect the fact that startup entrepreneurs can obtain funds in exchange for trust and reciprocity to funders, which is consistent with this study's empirical findings. Therefore, if startup entrepreneurs engage in networking behavior based on trust and reciprocity to those with whom they have a business partnership outside their startups, they may be effective at raising funds.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.982-993
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• 2013

Currency crisis, in order to solve the problem of the polarization of economic and serious youth unemployment rate, to prepare for the smart new economic era, and like to support and nurture the one-persion creating company of mobile app industry of central and local government people policies are underway. To be able to contribute to the establishment of the success of mobile app One-person creating company, to target the mobile app One-person creating company int the Busan region, we conducted an empirical study of success factors, and thus, support these solutions, more effective and efficient in an attempt to try to seek the support measures, was carried out this research. In this study, results derive a research three hypotheses about the success factors of One-person creating company through literature discussion, were investigated on the basis of empirical data of the mobile app one-persion creative company of Busan region of 51 individual, establishment of company period is longer, the number of organizations employee is large and attract a lot of external funds, and was able to find the tendency of more entrepreneurs receives an education, may increase an outcome of business. In this study, it is possible to obtain the policy implications as follows. First, to attract investment funds and attract government funding to support the funding of One-person creating company, it is necessary to pay attention more. Second, policy founder to an education about the management on an ongoing basis is needed than the education of marketing and technology for human resources development. Future, you will be able to expand across the country study company, we have established a policy of mobile app industry of national dimension, in this foundation, will be expanded to all industries.