• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.357-361
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• 2018

We demonstrated a crack-free ${\alpha}-Ga_2O_3$ on sapphire substrate by horizontal halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). Oxygen-and gallium chloride-synthesized Ga metal and HCl were used as the precursors, and $N_2$ was used as the carrier gas. The HCl flow and growth temperature were controlled in the ranges of 10~30 sccm and $450{\sim}490^{\circ}C$, respectively. The surface of ${\alpha}-Ga_2O_3$ template grown at $470^{\circ}C$ was flat and the root-mean-square (RMS) roughness was ~2 nm. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values for the symmetric-plane diffractions, were as small as 50 arcsec and those for the asymmetric-plane diffractions were as high as 1,800 arcsec. The crystal quality of ${\alpha}-Ga_2O_3$ on sapphire can be controlled by varying the HCl flow rate and growth temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2002

In this paper, wave energy absorption of OWC(oscillating water column) device is analyzed. The analytic model consists of a partially immersed circular vertical cylinder open at its end and an air turbine connected with the air chamber. The boundary value problem is decomposed into scattering problem related to scattering by an incident wave in the absence of a pressure variation and radiation problem describing the flow due to an oscillating pressure in the absence of an incident wave. By invoking the continuity of an air flow inside the chamber, the oscillating pressure in a chamber is derived. With oscillating pressure, the mean power absorbed by OWC device and the capture width are obtained. In numerical calculation, the induced volume flux across the internal free surface of the chamber in the scattering and radiation problem and the maximum capture width are compared with various design parameters such as radius and submergence depth of chamber and wave conditions. The maximum capture width obtained by choosing the optimal value of turbine constant occurs at the first resonant mode (Helmholtz mode) among the natural frequencies of a circular cylinder chamber.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.422-428
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• 2004

At present, the design of extrusion dies and operation in extrusion companies are primarily based on trial and error. The experience of the die designer, the press operator and the die corrector determine the performance of the extrusion die and the efficiency of the process. In order to produce defect-free products of desirable quality in terms of strength, surface quality and geometrical dimensions, it is important to obtain more knowledge of the processes that occur during extrusion. Recently, to reduce the costs of designing and manufacturing of extrusion dies, and to ensure the quality of the extruded products, numerical simulation for extrusion processes such as FEM (finite element method) is applied increasingly and becomes a very important tool for the design and development of new products. However, most of the studies about FE simulation have been accomplished for simple geometry and low extrusion ratio in the filed of steady metal flow conditions. The extruded products of AI alloy in industrial practice involve complicated sectional geometry. This study was designed to reduce the time of die design and manufacturing in the extrusion process using FEM simulation. FEM simulations of extrusion process were performed in non-steady states conditions by changing weld plate included in extrusion die set. Product which was employed in this study is heat sink that has been used in the parts of heat exchanger of electric circuits. It is generally applied for aluminum or its alloys due to heat efficiency and easy production of complicated shapes, and manufactured by extrusion process. The simulated results showed that weld plate shape in extrusion dies influences meta] flow and dimensional accuracy of products.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.116-138
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• 2012

As in the other fields of mechanics, analytical methods represent an important analysis tool in marine hydrodynamics. The analytical approach is interesting for different reasons : it gives reference results for numerical codes verification, it gives physical insight into some complicated problems, it can be used as a simplified predesign tool, etc. This approach is of course limited to some simplified geometries (cylinders, spheres, ...), and only the case of one or more cylinders, truncated or not, will be considered here. Presented methods are basically eigenfunction expansions whose complexity depends on the boundary conditions. The hydrodynamic boundary value problem (BVP) is formulated within the usual assumptions of potential flow and is additionally simplified by the perturbation method. By using this approach, the highly nonlinear problem decomposes into its linear part and the higher order (second, third, ...) corrections. Also, periodicity is assumed so that the time dependence can be factorized i.e. the frequency domain formulation is adopted. As far as free surface flows are concerned, only cases without or with small forward speed are sufficiently simple to be solved semi-analytically. The problem of the floating body advancing in waves with arbitrary forward speed is far more complicated. These remarks are also valid for the general numerical methods where the case of arbitrary forward speed, even linearized, is still too difficult from numerical point of view, and "it is fair to say that there exists at present no general practical numerical method for the wave resistance problem" [9], and even less for the general seakeeping problem. We note also that, in the case of bluff bodies like cylinders, the assumptions of the potential flow are justified only if the forward speed is less than the product of wave amplitude with wave frequency.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.spc2
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• pp.855-863
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• 2019

The efficiency of fishway installed in rivers can be directly evaluated by means of fish monitoring. On the other hand, when it is difficult to monitor the fish in certain conditions, or when planning a fishway, the efficiency can be evaluated indirectly through the hydraulic analysis. In this study, the hydraulic analysis technique for evaluating the efficiency of a fishway was presented. The River-2D model with the fish physical habitat module was used for the analysis of the attraction efficiency, and the weighted usable area was proposed as an index of the efficiency. In the analysis of passage efficiency, the three-dimensional model, Flow-3D, was used as an evaluation tool to describe the fluid behavior on a hydraulic structure with free surface. The ice-harbor type fishway at Baekgok weir in the Deokcheon River was selected as a test-site, and the efficiency was estimated using the hydraulic analysis. And then it was compared with fish monitoring data acquired from the river. As a result, it is difficult to replace the hydraulic analysis results with the efficiency quantitatively, but it can help to grasp the general tendency.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.1011-1019
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• 2021

This study presents numerical simulations of submerged jump and washed-out jump resulted from the flow over the embankment type weir. Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations are solved with the k-𝜔 SST turbulence model. Validations are carried out using the experimental results in the literature, revealing that computed roller shape, free surface, and mean velocity are in good agreement with measured data. The volume fractions of water of the submerged jump and washed-out jump are compared, and the characteristics of the two flows from the double-averaged volume fractions of water are presented. The condition under which the transition occurs from the submerged jump to washed-out jump is presented by the relation between the relative embankment length and submergence factor via numerical simulations by changing the weir length, discharge, and tailwater depth.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.1B
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• pp.73-81
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• 2009

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the impact of the secondary currents on solute transport in open-channel flows. The RANS model with Reynolds stress model is used for flow modeling, and the GGDH(generalized gradient diffusion hypothesis) model is used to close the scalar transport equation. Using the developed model, the impact of secondary currents on solute transport in open channel flows over smooth-rough strip is investigated. Through numerical experiments, the secondary currents are found to affect the solute spreading, leading a movement of the position of the peak concentration and a skewed distribution of solute concentration. Due to the lateral flow of secondary currents near the free surface, the concentration at the rough strip is found to be larger than that at the smooth strip bed. The solute at the rough strip is more rapidly transported than smooth bed. A magnitude analysis of the solute transport rate in scalar transport equation is also carried out to investigate the effect of secondary currents and scalar flux on the concentration distribution.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2020

This study provides a method and data for predicting the flight initiation wind speed of wind-borne debris. From the force equilibrium acting on debris including aerodynamic and inertia forces, the equation for predicting the flight initiation wind speeds are presented. Wind tunnel tests were carried out to provide necessary aerodynamic data in the equation for the debris with various aspect ratios. The proposed equation for flight initiation wind speeds was validated from free flying tests in the wind tunnel. The flights of debris were mostly initiated by slip when width to thickness was less than 10, otherwise overturning were dominant. The actual flight initiation speeds were lower than that of the computed ones. The surface boundary layer flow and the gap between the debris and surface might affect the prediction error.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.534-539
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• 2010

Polystyrene (PS)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites were prepared via latex technology and the effect of nanotube length on rheological properties were investigated. Monodisperse PS particle was synthesized by the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization and two types of MWCNTs were used after surface modification to improve dispersion state and to remove impurities. Final nanocomposites were prepared by the freeze-drying process after dispersing the PS particles and the surface-modified MWCNTs in a ultrasonic bath. The effects of MWCNT content and nanotube length on rheological properties were evaluated by imposing the small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow. The PS/MWCNT nanocomposites showed that rheological properties were enhanced as the amount and length of MWCNT increased. It is speculated that the rheological characteristics of nanocomposites change from liquid-like to solid-like as the MWCNT amount increases, and the critical concentration to achieve network structure decreases as the nanotube length increases.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.503-514
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• 2017

The attitude control of an aircraft is usually fulfilled by means of thrusters at high altitudes. Therefore, the possibility of using also aerodynamic surfaces would produce the advantage of reducing the amount of fuel for the thrusters to be loaded on board. For this purpose, Zuppardi already considered some aerodynamic problems linked to the use of a wing flap in a previous paper. A NACA 0010 airfoil with a trailing edge flap of 35% of the chord, in the range of angle of attack 0-40 deg and flap deflections up to 30 deg was investigated. Computer tests were carried out in hypersonic, rarefied flow by a direct simulation Monte Carlo code at the altitudes of 65 and 85 km of Earth Atmosphere. The present work continues this subject, considering the same airfoil and free stream conditions but two flap extensions of 45% and 25% of the chord and two flap deflections of 15 and 30 deg. The main purpose is to compare the influence of the flap dimension with that of the flap deflection. The present analysis is carried out in terms of: 1) percentage variation of the global aerodynamic coefficients with respect to the no-flap configuration, 2) increment of pressure and heat flux on the airfoil lower surface due to the Shock Wave-Shock Wave Interaction (SWSWI) with respect to the same quantities with no SWSWI or in no-flap configuration, 3) flap hinge moment. Issues 2) and 3) are important for the design of the mechanical and thermal protection system and of the flap actuator, respectively. Under the above mentioned test and geometrical conditions, the flap deflection is aerodynamically more effective than the flap extension, because it involves higher variation of the aerodynamic coefficients. However, tests verify that a smaller deflection angle involves the advantage of a smaller increment of pressure and heat flux on the airfoil lower surface, due to SWSWI, as well as a smaller hinge moment.