• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-75
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• 2011

This research aimed to explore the effects of collaborative writing activities in a mathematical context, specifically pertaining to areas such as numbers and operation, geometrical figure, and measurement in Mathematics: Level 5-b, on their mathematical achievement gain and disposition among Grade 5 students. To do this, out of a total of 62 students selected from two Grade 5 classes of J Elementary School in Dalseo-gu, Daegu City, who were found to be homogenic from the tests of math performance and dispositions, an experimental group(n=31) was designed and compared to a control group (n=31). Over a six week period from October to November in 2009, the experimental group was given collaborative writing lessons in math classes while the control group was given teacher-oriented regular lessons. The results were as follows. First, there was more or less considerable, though not significant, difference in overall mathematical achievement in the students experiencing collaborative writing activities when compared with the students in the control group. However, in terms of numbers and operation, a sub-category of mathematics, there was significant difference between the two groups. Second, the students experiencing collaborative writing activities were more positively affected in all sub-categories of mathematical disposition: confidence, flexibility, determination, curiosity, reflection, and value, than those in the control group. In summing up, the exposure of collaborative writing activities to mathematics learning was found to help students not only to have a concrete and proper grasp of the relevant problem solving process, which was observed from their mathematical achievement gain especially in the sphere of numbers and operation, but also to have their mathematical disposition set towards more positive direction, which was seen in all sub-categories of mathematical disposition measurement.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-29
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• 2006

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to survey the extent of pain and discomfort in the musculoskeletal system among visiting housekeepers, above all concerning neck, shoulder, back, wrist, knee, and arm pain and to find possible relations between symptoms and various working conditions. Method: A questionnaire was answered by 174 woman visiting housekeepers living in Kyeonggi-do and Seoul from December 1, 2003 to February 30, 2004. The symptoms of musculoskeletal system were coded by the pain index which illustrates the extent of the symptoms, and analyzed in view of NIOSH guideline and Kim, et. al.'s notion. Result: 1. As to the complaint rate of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms by body region, the figure was the highest for shoulder with 78.2%, followed by back with 66.7%, knee 53.6%, neck 56.3%, wrist 40.2%, and arm 29.2%, respectively. The logistic analysis showed shoulder pain and arm pain have no relation with working and health conditions, and back pain was significantly related to current health condition. In same way, knee pain and wrist pain were found to be mainly related to marital status. 2. Following the NIOSH guideline, the positive rate of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms was found out in following order: shoulder 69.5%, back 59.2%, knee 54%, neck 46%, wrist 32.8%, and arm 25.3%. To investigate the main cause of each disease, the symptoms were classified by pain index, where the value of more than 3 comes to the NIOSH case, and analyzed in term of complaint rate using discrete logistical method : shoulder pain was highly related to the housekeeping time after work, back pain was to current health condition and the heavy weight carrying and neck, wrist, arm pain were commonly related to the ordinary health condition. For knee pain, working speed was a main cause. 3. In view of Kim et. al.'s standard, where the pain index is over 7, the positive rate was showed in order slightly different from previous analyses : shoulder 33.3%. knee 29.9%, back 28.2%, neck 17.2%, wrist 17.2%, and 16.7%. From the logistical analysis, insufficient rest was shown as the main cause of shoulder, back, arm and wrist pain. For neck pain, ordinary health condition was mainly related. In case of knee pain, any apparent relation is not found. Conclusion: According to the logistic regression analysis of musculoskeletal system, there was strong suggestion that the less insufficient physical rest, the more significant disorder complaint. This means that the most musculoskeletal symptom among the visiting housekeepers can be prevented and cured by sufficient physical resting.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.79-100
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• 2015

This study is to examine the factors that influence purchasing behavior and decision-making when consumers buy goods through mobile shopping, define purchasing decision-making with the steps of problem recognition, information search, alternative assessment, and purchasing behavior to understand mobile consumer behavior, and investigate how the factors of each step play roles and influence consumers' purchasing decision-making through positive analysis to figure out consumer purchasing behavior in mobile shopping. The study results, First, the user characteristics of information search influence flow. Second, in the relations between the user characteristics in the step of information search and perceived risk in alternative assessment, if recognition on gains is higher, perceived risk for time loss gets lower, and when the level of skills is higher, perceived risk gets higher, and it has been partly adopted that innovativeness does not influence risk perception. Third, in the relations between flow experience and purchasing intention, it has been found to be partially significant that remote presence and challenge do not influence purchasing intention but do influence excitement, attention concentration, and control and also do influence perceived risk and purchasing intention. Fourth, according to the results of analyzing the difference of consumer purchasing behavior by the types of involvement, practical involvement and sensual involvement, user characteristics and flow, and perceived risk differ by the types of products in terms of the search process, thereby changing purchasing intention. Lastly, the significance and limitations of this study was discussed.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.237-259
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• 2011

Mathematics learning disabilities is a specific learning disorder affecting the normal acquisition of arithmetic and spatial skills. Reported prevalence rates range from 5 to 10 percent and show high rates of comorbid disabilities, such as dyslexia and ADHD. In this study, the characteristics and the causes of this disorder has been examined. The core cause of mathematics learning disabilities is not clear yet: it can come from general cognitive problems, or disorder of innate intuitive number module could be the cause. Recently, researchers try to subdivide mathematics learning disabilities as (1) semantic/memory type, (2) procedural/skill type, (3) visuospatial type, and (4) reasoning type. Each subtype is related to specific brain areas subserving mathematical cognition. Based on these findings, the author has performed a basic research to develop grade specific diagnostic tests: number processing test and math word problems for lower grades and comprehensive math knowledge tests for the upper grades. The results should help teachers to find out prior knowledge, specific weaknesses of students, and plan personalized intervention program. The author suggest diagnostic tests are organized into 6 components. They are number sense, conceptual knowledge, arithmetic facts retrieval, procedural skills, mathematical reasoning/word problem solving, and visuospatial perception tests. This grouping will also help the examiner to figure out the processing time for each component.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-58
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not the use of number-related fairy tales had any effects on young children's mathematical inquiry skills in a bid to help facilitate their development of mathematical capabilities. The subjects in this study were 30 preschoolers who were four years old in Western age and attended G kindergarten in Jung-gu, Ulsan. The instrument used to assess their mathematical inquiry skills was Choi Hye-jin(2003)'s Preschooler Math Capability Inventory. The collected data wee analyzed with SPSS Win 11.5 program, and analysis of covariance was utilized. The findings of the study were as follows: The application of number-related fairy tales turned out to be effective in developing the young children's abilities to figure out the regularity of things, conception of number, geometrical abilities, measurement abilities and mathematical inquiry skills of the preschoolers. The above-mentioned findings suggested that the application of number-related fairy tales was one of good teaching methods to step up the development of young children's mathematical inquiry skills. Specifically, that could inner motivation to preschoolers in mathematical contexts and take their problem-solving skills to another level.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1317-1325
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• 2015

There are two types of clinical research to figure out risk factor for disease using collected data. One is prospective study to approach the subjects from the present time and the other is retrospective study to find the risk factor using the subject's information in the past. Both approached and study design are different but the purpose of the two studies is to identify a significant difference between two groups and to find out what the variables to influence groups. Especially when comparing the two groups in clinical research, we have to look at the difference between the impact clinical variables by group while controlling the influence of the baseline characteristics variables such as age and sex. However, in the retrospective study, the difference of baseline characteristic variables can occur more frequently because the past records did not randomly assign subjects into two groups. In clinical data analysis use covariates to solve this problem. Typically, the analysis method using the analysis of covariance of variance, adjusted model, and propensity score matching method. This study is introduce the way of equality adjustment between groups data analysis using covariates in retrospective clinical studies and apply it to the recurrence of gastric cancer data.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.201-209
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• 2020

In this paper, we perform a case study of children's emotional care program that analyzes the emotional status through the drawings of children based on web system. In order to overcome spatial and temporal environment constraints, we have developed based on web system that performs to support the whole process from the request of analysis of children 's drawings to the feedback of the final result step by step. The online platform is designed to conduct observations for the purpose of primary screening using a smartphone, and then proceed to the offline secondary care linkage process based on the results. Then according to the results of the analysis, children and parents who need deep examination are figured out and professional institutions are linked to them for help. Parental stress had been analyzed to improve the accuracy of the test and to figure out the cause of the problem. The study was conducted on 2,532 children and their parents between the ages of 3 and 5 years attending a day care center. As a result, 564 children and 223 parents were figured out to be in need of secondary institutional care, and 311 parents were educated and counseled from the professional institutions.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

Because of the oocIear family due to the rapid industrialization and the growth of husband and wife bah working, the base of the tradition that the parents, all of the famly or the hamet oonmunity bring up the infants together in the important time to the infarts has been collapsed in Korea. Because working mothers camot bring up their children by themselves they got stressed and housewives do not have the oonfidence in rearing their infants and the fathers are isolated from home and the chikten instead of being exempted from the responsibility of rearing children. Therefore the common and comprehensive rearing system should be made for solving the child-rearing problem. For solving these problems and for the desirable infant-rearing and education, the joint irlart rearing, whidl compensates for the life, education and furthermore the sdlool edJcation through the volur1ary participation, has been prepared altematively. Compared to the traditional rearing system, joint infant-rearing is not only operated by the residents with the dues paid by the union members but also makes children experience the life force of natu"e in themselves. So the preparation of the standard of the suitable environment design for the joint infant-rearing is required which is diffrent from the traditional standard of the environmertal facilities for the traditional rearing system. The concept of joint infant-rearing was defind in this study through the reference and the ooncept of infant edJcation which is in operation suocessfully in Italy and Sweden in order to understand how the ooncept of infant education has changed as the ages have dlanged. And the basic principals for the formation of physical envirorvnert and the spare design and the envirorYnertal oondition for the practical environmental design was also studied through the reference. And after study about the concept. figure and physical environmental suggestion, the concept, standard and element of joint infant-rearing environment design was suggested. And as the final conclusion, the design requirement of the envirorvnertal design for the joint infant-rearing was suggested.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.14-15
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• 2010

Recently there has been growing interest in topological insulators or the quantum spin Hall (QSH) phase, which are insulating materials with bulk band gaps but have metallic edge states that are formed topologically and robust against any non-magnetic impurity [1]. In a three-dimensional material, the two-dimensional surface states correspond to the edge states (topological metal) and their intriguing nature in terms of electronic and spin structures have been experimentally observed in bulk Bi1-xSbx single crystals [2,3,4]. However, if we want to know the transport properties of these topological metals, high purity samples as well as very low temperature will be needed because of the contribution from bulk states or impurity effects. In a recent report, it was also shown that an intriguing coupling between the surface and bulk states will occur [5]. A simple solution to this bothersome problem is to prepare a topological metal on an ultrathin film, in which the surface-to-bulk ratio is drastically increased. Therefore in the present study, we have investigated if there is a method to make an ultrathin Bi1-xSbx film on a semiconductor substrate. From reflection high-energy electron diffraction observation, it was found that single crystal Bi1-xSbx films (0${\sim}30\;{\AA}A$ can be prepared on Si(111)-$7{\times}7$. The transport properties of such films were characterized by in situ monolithic micro four-point probes [6]. The temperature dependence of the resistivity for the x=0.1 samples was insulating when the film thickness was $240\;{\AA}A$. However, it became metallic as the thickness was reduced down to $30\;{\AA}A$, indicating surface-state dominant electrical conduction. Figure 1 shows the Fermi surface of $40\;{\AA}A$ thick Bi0.92Sb0.08 (a) and Bi0.84Sb0.16 (b) films mapped by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The basic features of the electronic structure of these surface states were shown to be the same as those found on bulk surfaces, meaning that topological metals can be prepared at the surface of an ultrathin film. The details will be given in the presentation.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2018

In 2018 and 2019, GEO-KOMPSAT-2A and GEO-KOMPSAT-2B will be launched in order to succeed the COMS mission. The two satellites will be collocated in $128.25{\pm}0.05$ degrees East. For precise ranging and orbit determination, the GEO-KOMPSAT-2B will be equipped with LRA (Laser Retroreflector Assembly) and SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) systems will be utilized. This systems are located in Geochang. In this case, the laser beam emitted from the SLR station can cause problems in terms of safety of optical payloads and image quality. As a solution of this possibility, the laser ranging will be done during the night time when the shutters of the optical payloads remain closed. Still, the optical payload of the GEO-KOMPSAT-2A is not safe from the laser beam because its optical payload shall continue its mission for 24 hours a day. In order to handle this problem, the laser ranging shall be limited to time slots when the angular distance between two satellites observed from the Geochang SLR station is large enough. In this paper, through orbit simulations, the characteristics of variation of the angular distance between the two satellites is analyzed to figure out the time slots when laser ranging is allowed.