• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2021

Purpose -In the credit transaction, the issuing bank must examine the documents to pay the credit amount. In order to smoothly execute the credit transaction, document review is a key element, so the 5th revised credit unification rule specifically defines the document review procedure. Research design, data, and methodology - The document review procedure specified in the UCP Rules can be largely divided into the document review period and the rejection procedure for inconsistent documents. First of all, confusion was caused by the ambiguous regulation.. Result - With regard to the document review period, in the actual credit transaction, the issuing bank often negotiates with the issuing client about the waiver of the document inconsistency. Next, in the process of notifying the rejection of inconsistent documents, the issuing bank shall send the rejection notice. Conclusion - This study suggests that the requirement to list all inconsistencies makes it impossible for the issuing bank to further notify the refusal, thereby limiting the right to defend against inconsistencies not listed in the first refusal notice and consequently having the effect of matching them. In addition, the issuing bank's rejection notice is closely related to the beneficiary's exercise of the right to replenish documents.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.157-176
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• 2009

This study analyzed the information factors which determine cash liquidity in Korean export-oriented companies. In this paper, cash liquidity means the ratio of the value of cash or cash equivalent to the asset value subtracted marketable securities value from total asset value. The empirical test shows that main information factors are the size of company, the growth opportunity of company, the volatility of operating cash flows and free cash flows, the credit yield spread of company, the debt ratio, the turnover ratio of cash flows and free cash flows, and the estimate of bankruptcy that amounts to the inverse number of Z score. In summary, the size of company, debt ratio, turnover ratio of cash flows and free cash flows, and Z-score have negative influence on the cash liquidity of Korean export-oriented companies. but the volatility of operating cash flows affect the cash liquidity positively.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.157-172
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• 2020

Purpose - This research empirically proves the extent to which export insurance promotes Korean exports to research object countries among New Southern countries. The outcome of this research will present implications for the operations of export insurance for exports to these countries. Design/methodology - For the empirical analysis, the export equation was composed using a basic gravity model. Based on this, the determinants of Korea's exports to research object countries were analyzed. In this study, a panel unit root test and panel cointegration test were conducted. As a result of the panel unit root test, it was confirmed that the variables of the panel data are not belonging to I(0), but to I(1). As a result of the panel cointegration test, it was established that there are long-term stable relationships among all variables. Accordingly, the gravity model was estimated using original data in order to reduce the information loss caused by the first difference, in spite of individual data belonging to I(1). Findings - For the estimated results of panel OLS, the estimated coefficient of short-term export insurance was 0.56-0.64, with statistically significant results at the significance level of 1%. In addition, for the analysis results of the random effect model, the estimated coefficient of short-term export insurance was 0.59-0.64%, with a statistically significant result at the 1% significance level. This could indicate that Korean export insurance has positive influences on export promotion to New Southern countries. Originality/value - The research implies that export insurance has a 4.1 to 4.7 multiplier effect in expanding exports to the New Southern countries for Korea. This research has intensively analyzed the effects of export insurance on the promotion of exports to a selected area by a government foreign economic policy, which is the originality and value of this paper.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.367-387
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• 2013

본 연구는 FTA 확산시대에 한중FTA에 있어 문제가 될 수 있는 수출보험제도에 대해 양국 수출기업의 만족도를 살펴보았다. 본 연구를 통해 한국과 중국의 수출보험제도에 대한 특징을 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 양국 수출보험제도 이용자들의 만족도를 조사하였다. 수출신용보험제도에 대한 만족도를 살펴보았다. 신용에 대한 인식(3.53), 수출지역에 대한 인식(3.38), 위험관리방법에 대한 인식(3.29), 시장변화에 대한 인식(3.14), 보험사고에 대한 인식(3.24), 규제에 대한 인식(3.03)은 수출보험제도에 대해 긍 정적인 만족도를 보였으나, 제품불량에 대한 인식(2.97)은 비교적 만족하지 못하고 있었다. 한국과 중국의 수출제도의 차별성이 존재하기에 직접적 비교는 어렵다는 한계는 가지고 있으나, 본 연구를 통해 다양한 수출보험 상품의 필요성을 제시할 수 있으며, 한국과 중국의 수출기업들은 대체적으로 수출보험상품에 만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2019

This paper draws implications on the ship finance of the Korean ECAs for shipbuilding industry from the perspective of WTO ASCM through studying the trade disputes on export credits. In consideration of the underwriting practice on the case-by-case basis, the ECAs' law regimes and their ship finance programs as such would be judged not conferring a benefit. The ship finance of international commercial banks could be treated as a market benchmark for the purpose of determining the existence of benefit in the ECA ship finance. The ECAs share securities with international commercial banks for the same exposure to the risks in a syndicate. Therefore, WTO DSB would rule that the ECA ship finance confers no benefit for individual transactions. The items (j) and (k-1) of ASCM Annex I are not allowed to interpret a contrario.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.133-158
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• 2010

Independent guarantee is a creation of the need from the both sides, i.e. the applicant (principal debtor) and the beneficiary (creditor). The former used to have to deposit cash in favor of the beneficiary in case of his default, which laid a burden on his liquidity while the latter still wanted to have the equivalent to cash. Independent guarantee satisfied the both parties by freeing the applicant of a deposit and maintaining the beneficiary's right at the same time. The fact that independent guarantee has three payment mechanisms is not widely known to the public. They are (i) payment on first demand, (ii) payment upon submission of third-party documents, (iii) payment upon submission of an arbitral or court decision. From the applicant's point of view, the order in his favor is (iii), followed by (ii) and (i). As there shouldn't be a case where one party is at a disadvantage against the other, useful insight is being sought for the benefit of the applicant. First, the applicant can offer his intention to provide a payment mechanism (ii) or (iii) rather than (i) if he must deliver it. Second, if the beneficiary still wants to have (i) and the applicant is in a position not to reject it, the latter should thoroughly check any provisions that may work against him later. Third, the applicant could use counterbalancing provisions in underlying contract to cope with protective clauses in the guarantees. Forth, the applicant should review the beneficiary's sincerity to prevent unfair calling risks. The applicant may use an ECA(Export Credit Agency) in his country to which he can transfer not only unfair calling risks, but also political risks. On the other hand, a bank needs to keep the following advice in mind. The foremost important thing for the bank not to forget is that it provides a guarantee as a service provider, not as a responsible party for the feasibility of the project, etc. Credit risk of the applicant should require the greatest attention when issuing a guarantee: the bank should look into the possibility that it can procure immediate reimbursement from its customers after payment to the beneficiary. Second, the applicant's ability to complete the project should be reviewed by checking its track records, techniques and reputation, etc. Third, the bank may also use an ECA to cover the beneficiary's unfair calling risks as well as political risks. In the case of Korea, as Korea Export Insurance Corporation(KEIC) can cover all the risks mentioned above, the bank could use its service called 'Export Bond Insurance.' What's better for the bank is that ECA cover can enhance the bank's asset quality by putting it zero on its risk weighted asset.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.3-23
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• 2010

In letter of credit arrangements, the issuing bank nominate a reimbursing bank which serves as a source of funds payment to the beneficiary. The reimbursing bank could be 3rd party bank or the issuing bank itself. In view of working capital requirements, most beneficiary want to get export proceeds in advance through nominated banks and therefore letter of credit usually permit the beneficiary to negotiate drafts, accompanied by required documents, to nominated bank. If the credit is available with the nominated bank, there must be a reimbursement instruction in the credit, because in this method of availability the issuing bank is obliged to reimburse the nominated bank if that bank acts on its nomination There are legal relationship among issuing bank, nominated bank and reimbursing bank with regard to reimbursement activities. Related rules are UCP and URR and UCC (in case of USA). Korean exporters and bankers do not appear to know well the role of reimbursement and usage. 3 cases (court case + ICC Opinion + bad practices) were employed to study the reimbursement mechanism and suggest better usages. The beneficiary is strongly recommended to know the benefit of reimbursement claim from independent reimbursing bank. The benefits include speed payment (thereby saving finance costs) and safe funds (in case of stop payment by the issuing bank right after the proceeds are reimbursed). And further the beneficiary banks (being nominated or claim banks) are also recommended to take advantage of the 3rd party reimbursement in view of the cases illustrated.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.179-196
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• 2011

본 연구는 본 논문에서는 1970년대 초반 Pennsylvania대학의 Thomas Saaty에 의하여 개발된 AHP를 이용하여 수출보험의 기능 중에서 상대적 중요도를 측정하여 향후 지속가능한 성장을 달성하기 위한 수출보험제도의 종합적인 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 주고자 하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 분석결과 수출보험제도의 가능에 대한 우선순위를 도출하기 위해 2개의 평가기준과 4개의 개별 평가항목에 대하여 상대적 중요도인 가중치를 도출하였다. 2개의 평가기준 중에서는 신용공여의 기능이 63%를 나타내서 정책수단(37%)보다 중요한 기능으로 나타났다. 4개의 개별 평가항목에서는 금융보완적 기능이 60%로 해외수입업자에 대한 신용조사기능(40%)보다 중요하게 간주하고 있으며, 수출진흥정책수단의 기능이 69%로 31%를 보인 수출거래상의 불안제거 기능보다 중요하게 나타났다. 전체평가항목의 우선순위 비교결과는 금융보완적 가능이 38%로 가장 중요하게 인식하고 있으며, 그 다음으로 수출진흥정책수단의 기능(26%), 해외수입업자에 대한 신용조사기능(25%), 수출거래상의 불안제거기능(12%) 순으로 나타났다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.247-269
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• 2014

무역거래에 있어 화환신용장은 수입업자에 대한 신용도와 구매대금 지급의 보장기능으로 가장 많이 사용되는 결제수단이었다. 그러나 실무에서 절차상의 복잡성, 수익자가 개설은행에 대금지급을 청구하기 위해서는 신용장에 지정된 서류를 반드시 구비해야 하는데 요구되는 필수서류와 부가서류들의 준비과정과 비용 및 신용장 요구조건과의 일치에 상당한 복잡성이 존재해왔다. 이로 인해 대금결제과정의 시간적 비용적인 측면이 문제점으로 제기되어 왔다. 이러한 기존의 무역거래 절차상 지연 등에서 오는 문제점 등을 거래비용측면에서 전자신용장을 활용함으로써 개선하고자 하는 인식이 요구되는 것이다. 본 연구는 거래비용측면에서 발생할 수 있는 시간적 비용적인 측면을 극복할 수 있는 방안으로서 전자신용장을 활용하는 전략을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 기존 신용장과 전자신용장의 문제점 파악과 거래비용측면에서의 활용전략을 제시하고자 한다.