• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2008

Pyrausta panopealis is the major pest in green perilla. The larva weaves a web on the shoot of green perilla and damages. In case of extreme, The larva cuts the main branch of green perilla and the leaf of green perilla isn't harvested anymore. A field study was conducted to estimate economic injury levels (EILs) and control thresholds (CTs) for P. panopealis injuring green perilla in green-houses. Different densities of P. panopealis ranged from 1 to 20 crops (2 units per crop) per 100 crops on 13. June, early inoculation. The number of injured leaf and the rate of injured crop were increased by 23. June, on the other hand were decreased after that day. Also, the amount of yield sow the same result above. The economic loss time calculated by the ratio of cost managing this moth to market price (C/V) (C: cost managing a moth, V: Market price) was 4.0%. The economic injury level was 5.1 larval per 100 crops. The control thresholds calculated by 80% level of economic injury level was 4.1 larval per 100 crops.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.529-538
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• 2019

Typhoons can cause significant financial damage worldwide. For this reason, states, local governments and insurance companies attempt to quantify and mitigate the financial risks related to these natural disasters by developing a typhoon risk assessment model. As such, the importance of typhoon risk assessment models is increasing, and it is also important to reflect local vulnerabilities to enable sophisticated assessments. Although a practical study of economic losses associated with natural disasters has identified essential risk indicators, comprehensive studies covering the correlation between vulnerability and economic loss are still needed. The purpose of this study is to identify typhoon damage indicators and to develop evaluation indicators for typhoon damage prediction functions, utilizing the loses from Typhoon Maemi as data. This study analyzes actual loss records of Typhoon Maemi provided by local insurance companies to prepare for a scenario of maximum losses. To create a vulnerability function, the authors used the wind speed and distance from the coast and the total value of property, construction type, floors, and underground floor indicators. The results and metrics of this study provide practical guidelines for government agencies and insurance companies in developing vulnerability functions that reflect the actual financial losses and regional vulnerabilities of buildings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.450-459
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• 1994

The damage by the black-tipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura, has been increasing at several locations in central part of the Korean peninsula. This study was undertaken at selected plots in Kapyung-gun, Kyunggi Province and Hongchon-gun, Kangwon Province from 1984 to 1987. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for integrated control of this pest and to determine the economic threshold by investigating the pest host interactions with special reference to damage analysis. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The damage was more severe at upper part than at lower part of the crown. The vertical distribution of dry weight of damaged trees above ground showed L-type distribution, whereas that of healthy trees showed C-type distribution. 2. The needle loss by sawfly reduced both of height and the diameter growth of the main stem. The growth reduction occurs when the needle loss is 50% or higher. About 10% of tree growth was reduced at 50% of needle loss. 3. The reduction of diameter growth was more severe at upper part than at lower part of the main stem. 4. Volume growth was reduced when more than 50% of the needles were damaged after three years of the sawfly infestation. Reductions of total volume increment at the levels 70% and 90% of needle damage were 9% and 20%, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2013

The Daehyun gold-silver deposit consists of two hydrothermal quartz veins that fill NE-trending fractures in the Cambro-Ordovician calcitic marble. I have sampled wallrock, hydrothermaly-altered rock and gold-silver ore vein to study the element dispersion and element gain/loss during wallrock alteration. The hydrothermal alteration doesn't remarkably recognized at this deposit and consists of mainly calcite, dolomite, quartz and minor epidote. The ore minerals composed of arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, sphalerite, stannite, chalcopyrite, galena, electrum, native bismuth and silver-bearing mineral. Based on analyzed data, the chemical composition of wallrock consists of mainly $SiO_2$, CaO, $CO_2$ with amounts of $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3(T)$ and MgO. The contents of $SiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3(T)$, MgO, CaO and $CO_2$ vary significantly with distance from ore vein. The element dispersion doesn't remarkably recognized during wallrock alteration and only occurs near the ore vein margin because of physical and chemical properties of wallrock. Remarkable gain elements during wallrock alteration are $Fe_2O_3(T)$, total S, Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, W and Zn. Remarkable loss elements are $SiO_2$, MnO, MgO, CaO. $CO_2$ and Sr. Therefore, Our result may be used when geochemical exploration carry out at deposits hosted calcitic marble in the Hwanggangri metallogenic district.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-176
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• 2009

In Count case, the owners claimed from the charterers the amount of their loss resulting from the delay to the Count caused by the blockage of the channel due to stranding of the Pongola on the ground that this loss resulted from breach by the charterers of the safe port provisions. The Claim was referred to arbitration and dealt with on written submission. In a reasoned award, the arbitrators upheld the owners' claim. The charterers seek an order reversing the award or remitting it to the arbitrators for further consideration : (1) That the tribunal was wrong to find that the port of Beira was unsafe and that in consequence the charterers were liable to the owners in damages for detention. (2) That the tribunal was wrong to find that the port was unsafe in the abstract by reference to the fact that two other vessels had grounded there. (3) Having held that the Count was delayed for a little over four days by the fact that, after the charterers had nominated the port, the Pongola had grounded in the access channel, the tribunal should have held that the port was not prospectively unsafe. On the that the grounding the Pongola was caused by the characteristics which made the port an unsafe port to nominate for the Count. The court was held that it was not an independent event which broke the chain of causation between the breach of contract and the owner's loss. For those reasons, the court was upheld the arbitrator's award.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.149-164
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The economic recession caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disproportionately affected poor and vulnerable populations globally. Better uunderstanding of vulnerability to shocks in food supply and demand in the Asia Pacific region is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using secondary data from rapid assessment surveys during the pandemic response (n = 10,420 in mid-2020; n = 6,004 in mid-2021) in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Vietnam, this study examined the risk factors for reported income reduction or job loss in mid-2021 and the temporal trend in food security status (household food availability, and market availability and affordability of essential items) from mid-2020 to mid-2021. RESULTS: The proportion of job loss/reduced household income was highest in India (60.4%) and lowest in Indonesia (39.0%). Urban residence (odds ratio [OR] range, 2.20-4.11; countries with significant results only), female respondents (OR range, 1.40-1.69), engagement in daily waged labor (OR range, 1.54-1.68), and running a small trade/business (OR range, 1.66-2.71) were significantly associated with income reduction or job loss in three out of 4 countries (all P < 0.05). Food stock availability increased significantly in 2021 compared to 2020 in all four countries (OR range, 1.91-4.45) (all P < 0.05). Availability of all essential items at markets increased in India (OR range, 1.45-3.99) but decreased for basic foods, hygiene items, and medicine in Vietnam (OR range, 0.81-0.86) in 2021 compared to 2020 (all P < 0.05). In 2021, the affordability of all essential items significantly improved in India (OR range, 1.18-3.49) while the affordability of rent, health care, and loans deteriorated in Indonesia (OR range, 0.23-0.71) when compared to 2020 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term social protection programs need to be carefully designed and implemented to address food insecurity among vulnerable groups, considering each country's market conditions, consumer food purchasing behaviors, and financial support capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.6_2
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• pp.599-611
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• 2007

Among natural disasters that lead to devastating damage, floods from heavy rains have been causing hundreds of victims and a great loss of their properties every year. Basically, there is no other way to deal with the problem considering the characteristics of natural disaster, but more specific studies for a preventive measure of flood has been in progress so far. However, the controversy over the problem is going on due to the objection of some environmental organizations or some economic reasons. The key point is to select the most likely area for a preventive measure of floods where a huge amount of the national budget is put into it. This is the factor which judges whether it would be a success or failure. This study aims to provide some basic data for deciding the priority order in a disaster preventing plan by drawing more potential damage areas from the connection with GIS and using them into the economic analysis for flood prevention industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2000

Environmental pollution has become more and more serious in urban areas since industrialization as most streams and rivers were developed heavily because of economic opportunism. Recently river restoration techniques, applied in advanced countries, have been introduced to Korea. But the application of river restoration techniques developed in advanced countries, has a lot of limitations in respect of economic loss during construction, suitability for the domestic situation and the problem of flood control. The method of minimizing the problems must take into consideration these issues, including economic considerations. So from these points of view this study intends to plan ecological river restoration and to create a nature friendly river in the case of the Chungrang river. The subject site is the upper part of Chungrang river, from the Nokchun bridge to Sang-kye bridge, where the ecosystem is well preserved in comparison with other parts of the river. The subject site is divided into 10 sections for plant state investigation. The result of plant-state investigation showed pioneer water plants such as Persicaria thunbergii, Oenanthe jaranica, Rumex crispus. appeared very often. On the basis of the existing plant state, this study has planned an appropriate plant state for the river and has planned for bank protection using a method of construction, which is suitable for natural river. In this study, first of all, it is intended to investigate the plant growth state of Chungrang river and try to plan a particular ecosystem for the river for the purpose of the revival of the natural river.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2001

Objective : To estimate the annual economic costs attributable to cigarette smoking in Korea. Methods : The costs were classified as being direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs and others. We focused on those costs related that are incurred in the treatment of selected diseases (cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancers), which have been proven to be caused by smoking. In addition to the basic costs of treatment, the additional amount of costs occurred due to smoking was obtained by computing the population attributable risk (PAR%) caused by smoking. To compute the PAR%, relative risks of smoking to the number of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and the death were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model, respectively. Our major data source was the 'Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) cohort study,' which was composed of a total of 115,682 male and 67,932 female beneficiaries who had complete records of their smoking histories in the year of 1992. Results : The annual costs that could be attributable to smoking were estimated to be in the range of 2,847,500 million Won to 3,959,100 million Won. The maximum estimate of 3,959,100 million Won includes 233,100 million Won for medical costs, 5,100 million Won for transportation costs, 27,600 million Won for care giver's economic costs, 69,100 million Won in productivity loss, 3,435,000 million Won lost because of premature death, 172,100 million Won in costs resulting from passive smoke inhalation and 17,100 million Won for costs that resulted from fires that were caused by careless smoking. Conclusion : Our study confirms that the magnitude of the economic burden of smoking to Korean society is substantial. Therefore, this study provides strong evidence that there is a strong need for a national policy of tobacco control in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.79-89
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• 2006

Current removing process is labor intensive and time consuming, employing a conventional grinding type manual machine. From a social and economic point of views, these kinds of manual tasks bring about social inconvenience and economic loss including traffic jam and high labor costs. The objective of the study was to develop and evaluate a road stripe removal equipment using water jet technology. The following shows the results. First, It was analyzed that the obtainable productivity from the equipment developed in the study is 280% compared to the current equipment. In this study, it was also calculated the Benefit/Cost Ratio and the result showed that the ratio is 3.28, so it is expected that the equipment can produce great benefits for the relevant companies. Second, an analysis was also conducted on the traffic congestion cost, and the equipment could save about \2,550 million per day compared to the conventional equipment. Therefore, it is analyzed that the economic viability of the equipment is sufficient.