• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-244
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• 2023

In this paper, a depth-based nonparametric test for a multivariate two-sample scale problem is proposed. The proposed test statistic is based on the depth-induced ranks and is thus distribution-free. In this article, the depth values of data points of one sample are calculated with respect to the other sample or distribution and vice versa. A comprehensive simulation study is used to examine the performance of the proposed test for symmetric as well as skewed distributions. Comparison of the proposed test with the existing depth-based nonparametric tests is accomplished through empirical powers over different depth functions. The simulation study admits that the proposed test outperforms existing nonparametric depth-based tests for symmetric and skewed distributions. Finally, an actual life data set is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed test.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07c
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• pp.1311-1313
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• 1995

In this paper, We can obtain Electron energy distribution function(EEDF) by using two Differentiators. In addition, We investigate the characteristics of EEDF as function of the position of probe, magnetic field, and pressure.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07c
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• pp.1844-1847
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• 1996

In the paper, we have obtained electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in plasma by using two differentiators. In addition, we have investigated the comparision of the EEDFs by sawtooth and triangle waveform voltages. It is found that as pressure is decreased, electron density is decreased, and plasma potential is increased. And as the position of probe moves the outer of plasma, plasma potential is decreased, and electron temperature is decreased.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.437-448
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• 2021

In this article, an analytically and numerically 3D nanoliquid flow by a porous rotatable disk is presented in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms. The mathematical model in the form of partial differential system is transmuted into dimensionless form by utilizing the appropriate transformation. The homotopy analysis approach is applied to attain the analytic solution of the problem. The effect of promising parameters on velocity distribution, temperature profile, nanoparticles volume fraction and motile microorganism distribution field are evaluated through graphs and in tabular form. The existence of Brownian motion and thermophoresis impacts are more proficient for heat transfer enhancement. Further the unique features like heat absorption/generation and energy activation are also examined for the present flow problem. The obtained results are compared with the earliear investigation to check the accuracy of present model.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2022

The present study investigates the effects of Cattaneo-Christov thermal effects of stagnation point in Walters-B nanofluid flow through lubrication of power-law fluid by taking the slip at the interfacial condition. The impacts of thermophoresis and Brownian motions are further accounted. The fluid impinging orthogonally on the surface is due to power-law slim coating liquid. The generalized newtonian fluid equation is used that obeys the power law constitutive equation to model our problem. The effect of velocity profiles, temperature for different values of n are investigated. The prandtl on the temperature distribution for partial slip and no slip cases is also observed. It is found that for larger values of prandtl number thermal diffusivity of fluid reduces and it enhance the decrease in temperature and boundary layer thickness.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.260-277
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• 2015

The object of this study was the climate change sensitivity assessment of Korean Fir and Khinghan Fir as a representative subalpine plant in South Korea. Using species distribution models, we predicted the probability of current and future species distribution. According to this study, potential distribution that have been predicted based on the threshold (MTSS) is, Khinghan Fir was higher loss rate than Korean Fir. And in the climate change sensitivity assessment using the scalar sensitivity weight ($W_{is}$), $W_{is}$ of Korean Fir was higher relatively than the sensitivity of Khinghan Fir. When using the species distribution models as shown in this study may vary depending on the probability of presence data and spatial variables. Therefore should be prior decision studies on the ecological environment of the study species. Based on this study, if it is domestic applicable climate change sensitivity assessment method is developed. it would be important decision-making to climate change and biological diversity of adaptation policy.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.3188-3207
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose an image enhancement algorithm to improve license plate extraction rate in various environments (Day Street, Night Street, Underground parking lot, etc.). The proposed algorithm is composed of image enhancement algorithm and license plate extraction algorithm. The image enhancement method can improve an image quality of the degraded image, which utilizes a histogram information and overall gray level distribution of an image. The proposed algorithm employs an interpolated probability distribution value (PDV) in order to control a sudden change in image brightness. Probability distribution value can be calculated using cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of the captured image, whose values are achieved by brightness distribution of the captured image. Also, by adjusting the image enhancement factor of each part region based on image pixel information, it provides a function that can adjust the gradation of the image in more details. This processed gray image is converted into a binary image, which fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs, eliminates small holes, and fills gaps in the contour by using morphology operations. Then license plate region is detected based on aspect ratio and license plate size of the bound box drawn on connected license plate areas. The images have been captured by using a video camera or a personal image recorder installed in front of the cars. The captured images have included several license plates on multilane roads. Simulation has been executed using OpenCV and MATLAB. The results show that the extraction success rate is more improved than the conventional algorithms.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.111-119
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• 2014

Objectives This study aims to analyze a thermal distribution in biological living tissue during warm needling therapy by using a finite element method. The analysis provides an understanding of warm needling's efficacy and safety. Methods A model which consisted of four-layered tissue and stainless steel needle was adopted to analyze the thermal distribution in living tissue with a bioheat transfer analysis. The governing equation for the analysis was a Pennes' bioheat equation. A heat source characteristic of warm needling therapy was obtained by previous experimental measurements. The first analysis of the time-dependent temperature distribution was conducted through points on a boundary between the needle and the tissue. The second analysis was conducted to visualize the horizontal temperature distribution. Results When heat source's peak temperatures was above $500^{\circ}C$ and temperature rising rates were relatively slow, the peak temperature at skin surface exceeded a threshold of pain and tissue damage ($45^{\circ}C$), whereas when the peak temperature was around $400^{\circ}C$, the peak temperature at the skin surface was within a safe limit. In addition, the conduction of combustion energy from the moxa was limited to the skin layer around the needle. Conclusions The results suggest that the skin layer around the needle can be heated effectively by warm needling therapy, but it appears to have little effect at the deeper tissue. These findings enhance our understanding of the efficacy and the safety of the warm needling therapy.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Recently, BESS is considered as one of essential countermeasure for demand side management. However, an economic evaluation is critical issue for the introduction of power system because the cost of BESS is very high in present stage. Therefor, this paper presents economic evaluation method for customer use case by considering peak shaving function based on the real time price. From the case study on the model power system and educational customer, it is confirmed that the proposed method is a practical tool for the economic analysis of BESS. and analytical approach for the reliability assessment in radially operated distribution systems. The approach can estimate the expected reliability performance of distribution systems by a direct assessment of the configuration of the systems using the reliability indexes such as NDP (Non-Delivery Power) and NDE (Non-Delivery Energy). The indexes can only consider the number and configuration of the load, but can not consider the characteristics of the load which is the one of the most important factor in the investment cost for the distribution systems. Therefore, this paper presents the new performance indexes for the investment of the distribution facilities considering both the expected interruption cost for the load section and the operation characteristics of Energy Storage System. The results from a case study show that the proposed methods can be a practical tool for the reliability management in distribution systems including Energy Storage System.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2009

There are several reasons to take X-ray in case of inpatients. Some of them who cannot ambulate or have any risk if move are taken portable X-ray at their wards. Usually, in this case, many other people-patients unneeded X-ray test, family, hospital workers etc-are indirectly exposed to X-ray by scatter ray. For that reason I try to be aware of free space scatter dose accurately and make the point at issue of portable X-ray better in this study. kVp dose meter is used for efficiency management of portable X-ray equipment. Mobile X-ray equipment, ionization chamber, electrometer, solid water phantom are used for measuring of free space scatter dose. First of all the same surroundings condition is made as taken real portable X-ray, inquired amount of X-ray both chest AP and abdomen AP most frequently examined and measured scatter ray distribution of two tests individually changing distance. In the result of measuring horizontal distribution with condition of chest AP it is found that the mAs is decreased as law of distance reverse square but no showed mAs change according to direction. Vertical distribution showed the mAs slightly higher than horizontal distribution but it isnt found out statistical characteristic. In abdomen AP, compare with chest AP, free space scatter dose is as higher as five-hundred times and horizontal, vertical distribution are quite similar to chest AP in result. In portable X-ray test, in order to reduce the secondary exposure by free space scatter dose first, cut down unnecessary portable order the second, set up the specific area at individual ward for the test the third, when moving to a ward for the X-ray test prepare a portable shielding screen. The last, expose about 2m apart from patients if unable to do above three ways.