• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2004

Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, was transplanted reciprocally between contaminated site (St. STP) and relatively less contaminated site (St. UB) in Onsan Bay, Korea in order to estimate heavy metal accumulation and release. Transplanted and indigenous mussels were collected 8 times over 108 days deployment at both sites and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn using ICP/MS. Cu and Zn concentration did not show any significant differences between transplanted and indigenous mussels throughout the experiment period, although dissolved Cu and Zn concentrations in seawater were significantly higher at contaminated site. Pb accumulated rapidly, while Cd did not show any accumulation in the mussels transplanted from St. UB to St. STP. These accumulation patterns might reflect the variation of dissolved metal concentration; dissolved Pb concentration was significantly higher in St. STP than St. UB, while dissolved Cd concentration was similar between both sites throughout this experiment. Release of Cd and Pb in the mussels transplanted from St. STP to St. UB was not significant during the transplantation period. The levels and variation of Pb and Cd concentrations in mussels transplanted from St. STP to St. UB were similar to those in the indigenous mussels at St. STP throughout the period. Therefore, Cd and Pb accumulated in indigenous mussels may indicate the integrated metals throughout their lives, not responding to the present status of seawater because the release of accumulated metals in mussels occurs very slowly when the seawater metal levels are lowered. On the other hand, since the transplanted mussels can respond immediately to the levels of metals in seawater, it may be suggested that the present status of heavy metals in seawater can be only acquired from the metal levels of mussels transplanted from clean environments.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.315-329
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• 1996

The changes of growth and protein synthesis pattern by aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) treatments were studied in Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. When exposed to Al from 5ppm to 3oppm, synechocystis grows normally. But more than that retard the growth of algae notably. The 0.05ppm Cd additions had no effect on the growth of algae. 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5ppm Cd inhibited growth. Under 1 and 2ppm Cd stress, growth was greatly diminished. Zn had dual effects. The growth of algae in media containing 5ppm was stimulated. As concentration increases more than l5ppm, growth inbition increases. Under 25ppm Zn stress, growth was greatly diminished. According to logistic theory, r and K values of each heavy metal-treated groups were estimated. Correlation analysis of r and K values with metal concentration shows that there is negative correlation between K and concentration in Cd and Zn treatments. Critical concentration which shows lethal or sublethal effect was estimated by t-test of each r and K value. The cells cultured in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 5oppm of Al, 1 and 2ppm of Cd, and 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30ppm of Zn for 4 days was used for protein analysis. Analysis of protein synthesis with SDS-PACE showed alterations of protein synthesis pattern. The synthesis of protein about 220kD increased markedly. In this study, it showed that resistance mechanism against Al, Cd, and Zn is K selection and that metal stress induced the change of protein synthesis in Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.Key words:Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. FCC 6803, Heavy metals, Aluminum, Cadmiutm Zinc, Crowth, Frotein synthesis.

• 생태와환경
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2019

인간의 인위적 활동으로 인해 발생하는 중금속 중 카드뮴(Cd)과 아연(Zn)은 다양한 경로를 통해 하천으로 유입되어 서식생물에게 유해 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 도심 하천에서 우점하는 장수깔따구 (Chironomus plumosus)를 이용하여 Cd와 Zn 노출에 따른 생태독성학적 반응을 연구하였다. 생활사를 고려하여, 생존율, 성장율, 우화율, 성비와 하순기절 기형을 관찰하였다. 장수깔따구 생존율은 Cd와 Zn 노출에 따라 시간, 농도의존적인 경향을 나타냈다. 성장율은 Cd 노출 후 Day 4와 Day 7, 농도의존적인 감소를 보였으며, 고농도인 $50mg\;L^{-1}$에서 대조군에 비해 급격한 감소를 나타냈다. 또한, 우화율은 10, $50mg\;L^{-1}$ Cd에서 대조군에 비해 감소함을 관찰하였다. 성비 변화는 $100mg\;L^{-1}$ Zn에서 암컷의 비율이 증가였으나 농도가 높아짐에 따라 수컷의 비율이 높아짐을 보이며 성비불균형이 관찰되었다. 게다가, 장수깔따구의 하순기절에서는 대조군에 비해 Cd와 Zn 노출된 장수깔따구에서 기형이 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 수생태계로 유입되는 중금속이 하천의 하상저층에 서식하는 저서무척추동물에게 유해한 영향을 주며, 중금속 노출에 따른 생물학적 분석을 위한 현장 지표종으로서의 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1984

최근(最近) 산업발달(産業發達)과 더불어 산업폐기물(産業廢棄物)중의 유해(有害) 중금속(重 金屬)에 의한 중독(中毒) 사례(事例)는 날로 증가(增加)하고 있는 실정(寶情) 이다. 그 중 금만성중독시(急慢性中毒時) 심각한 병적(病的) 증상(症狀)을 일으키는 Cd과 다른 영양소(營姜素)와의 상호작용(相互作用)을 규명(究明)코저 한 하나의 시도(試圖)로서 저자(善者)는 다량(多量) 무기영양소(無機營養素)중의 중요(中要) 성분(成分)인 Ca과 Ca의 흡수(吸收)에 중요(重要)한 영향(影響)을 미치는 vitamin D가 Cd 중독(中毒)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하기 위하여 $CdCl_2$용액(溶液)을 음료수(Cd 로서 20 ppm)로 하고 Ca 및 Ca과 vitamin D를 첨가(添加)한 식이(食餌)를 Sprague-Dawley 계(系) 흰쥐(female)에게 80일간(日間) 급여(給與) 시켰던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. l. 체중증가량(體重增加量)은 Cd 급여(給與)로 현저히 감소(減少)하였으나 Ca과 vitamin D 동시(同時) 급여(給與)로 제어(抑制)되었으며 각종(各種) 장기중량(臟器重量)에서 Cd급여(給與)로 인하여 신장(腎臟)과 비장(脾臟)의 중량(重量)은 유의(有意)하게 증가(壇加)하였으나 Ca 및 Ca과 vitamin D의 동시(同時) 급여(給與)로 제어(抑制)되었다. 2. 혈액(血液)중의 Hematocrit 치(値)는 Cd급여(給興)로 현저히 감소(減少)하였으나 Ca 및 Ca과 vitamin D의 동시급여(同時結與)로 제어(抑制)되었으며 cholesterol은 Cd급여(絡與)한 모든 군(群)에서 증가(增加)하였고, GOT, GPT, 종단백질(總蛋白質), albumin, globu1in 및 A/G ratio는 유의성(有意性)이 나타나지 않았다. 3. 간장(肝臟)중의 무기질(無機質) 함량(含量)은 Cd급여(給與)로 인하여 증가(增加) 하였던 Cd과 Mg이 Ca 및 Ca과 vitamin D의 동시(同時) 급여(給與)로 감소(減少)하였고 Cu는 전체적(金體的)으로 변화(變化)가 없었으며 Zn은 Cd 급여(給與)로 감소(減少)하였으나 Ca과 vitamin D의 급여(給與)에 의하여 증가(增加)하였고 Ca은 Ca과 viamin D의 급여(給輿)로 유의(有意)하게 증가(增加)하였다. 신장(腎臟)중의 무기질(無機質) 함량(含量)은 Cd급여(給輿)로 Cu, Mg은 감소(滅少)하였으나 Ca, Zn은 변화(變化)가 없었고 Ca 및 Ca과 Vitamin D의 급여(給與)로 Cd, CU, Zn은 증가(增加)하였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.56-73
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• 2002

Objective : We need to develop a new treatment method which can curve cancer growth and enhance immunity of patients with various kinds of cancer more safely and effectively, for conventional anticancer treatment has lots of problems to be overcomed, in other words, Its efficacy can be recognizible but it doesn't actually give aid to patients due to its side effects. This study was taken up to evaluate the anticancer and immune-enhancing effect of Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Alli bulbus, Oldenlandiae Herba(SAO) Herbal acupuncture. Methods : SAO Herbal acupuncture solution was made from Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Alli bulbus, Oldenlandiae Herba by decoction. Experimental group was divided into normal(N), control(TC, cancer group induced by S 180), high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group. In the high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group, SAO Herbal acupuncture solution was injected, on the left and right Chok-samni(足三里, ST36) of ICR-male S 180 rats alternatively, by 200mg/kg and 100mg/kg respectively. In vitro, S 180 was cultured with $200{\mu}g$ and $500{\mu}g$ of SAO Herbal acupuncture solution. In each experimental group, we examined the effect of SAO complex Herbal acupuncture on body weight, antitumor, organ weight, activity of macrophage, activity of B cell, spleen cell division, IL-2 production and population of lymphocytes. Results : 1. In Body weight, no significant change was shown, but In solid cancer weight, the high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed signigicant(P<0.05) decrease and significant(P<0.05) increase in the weight of kidney, compared with control group. 2. In activity of macrophage, low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant(P<0.01) increase, but in vitro, there was no significant increase, compared with control group. 3. In activity of B cell, high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed no significant decrease, but in vitro, low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant(P<0.01) increase, compared with control group. 4. In spleen cell division, high and low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group had no significant influence on spleen cell division induced by Co A, meanwhile, it was found that macrophge promote spleen cell division in low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group(P<0.05), compared with control group. 5. In IL-2 production, high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant((P<0.05) increase, compared with control group. 6. In population of lymphocytes, high concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant increase of CD3+(P<0.05), CD4+(P<0.05), CD3+ and CD4+ T cell(P<0.01) and B cell(P<0.05), while low concentration SAO complex Herbal acupuncture group showed significant increase of CD4+(P<0.05), CD8+ T cell(P<0.05) and B cell(P<0.01), compared with control group. Conclusion : SAO Herbal acupuncture inhibited cancer growth and enhanced immunity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1403-1413
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• 2013

The effects of cadmium ions ($Cd^{2+}$) on the Chl a fluorescence of Ricciocarpos natans were investigated in order to determine whether Chl fluorescence can be used as a biomarker to estimate the physiological responses of plants to cadmium stress. In all plants treated with $Cd^{2+}$, the image of Fv/Fm, which represents the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, changed as the $Cd^{2+}$ concentration increased, when treated for 48 h or more. Changes of ${\Phi}_{PSII}$ and $Q_P$ images were recognized even at 10 ${\mu}M$ $Cd^{2+}$. The Chl a O-J-I-P fluorescence transient was also affected even at 10 ${\mu}M$ $Cd^{2+}$. The fluorescence yield decreased considerably in steps J, I and P in plants treated with $Cd^{2+}$, although a typical polyphasic rise was observed in non-treated plants. The Chl fluorescence parameters, Fm, Fv/Fo, Sm, SFIabs, PIabs and ETo/CS, decreased as the $Cd^{2+}$ concentration increased, while the Mo and Kn parameters increased. Peroxidase activity decreased significantly and catalase activity increased as the $Cd^{2+}$ concentration increased. Because of its sensitivity to $Cd^{2+}$ Ricciocarpos natans is useful in experiments investigating the responses of plants to cadmium exposure. Several parameters (Fm, Fv/Fo, Sm, SFIabs, PIabs, ETo/CS, Mo and Kn) can be applied to determine quantitatively the physiological states of plants under cadmium stress.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this study was to explore the immunity in rats transplanted with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and acellular nerve (ACN) for repairing sciatic nerve defects. Methods : ADSCs were isolated from the adipose tissues of Wistar rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a sciatic nerve defect model and then divided into four groups, according to the following methods : Group A, allogenic nerve graft; Group B, allograft with ACN; Group C, allograft ADSCs+ACN, and Group D, nerve autograft. Results : At the day before transplantation and 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation, orbital venous blood of the Sprague-Dawley rats in each group was collected to detect the proportion of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ subsets using flow cytometry and to determine the serum concentration of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At each postoperative time point, the proportion of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ subsets and the serum concentration of IL-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in group C were all near to those in group B and group D, in which no statistically significant difference was observed. As compared with group A, the proportion of $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ subsets and the serum concentration of IL-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ were significantly reduced in group C (p<0.05). Conclusion : The artificial nerve established with ADSCs and ACN has no obvious allograft rejection for repairing rat nerve defects.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1361-1368
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• 2009

The effects of $Cd^{2+}$ ions on the Chl a fluorescence of 5 hydrophytes (e.g. Lemna, Salvinia, Ricciocarp, Nymph, Typha plants) were investigated in order to select $Cd^{2+}$-sensitive plant species and to get informations on physiological responses of plants to $Cd^{2+}$ stress. Lemna plants were most sensitive to cadmium stress, while Nymph plants were tolerant. However, in all $Cd^{2+}$-treated plants, Fv/Fm, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II, decreased in proportion to the increase of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration and treatment time. The Chl a fluorescence transient O-J-I-P was also considerably affected by $Cd^{2+}$ ions; the fluorescence yield decreased consid- erably in steps J, I and P in $Cd^{2+}$ treated plants, although it followed a typical polyphasic rise in non-treated plants. In Lemna plants, the functional parameters, ABS/CS, TRo/CS와 ETo/CS and RC/CS, decreased in proportion to the increase of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration, while N, Mo and Kn increased. The structural parameters, ${\Phi}po$, ${\Phi}po$/($1-{\Phi}po$), Plabs, SFlabs, Kp and RC/ABS, also decreased according to the increase of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration. Consequently, Lemna plants will be useful as a experimental model system to investigate responses of plants. And several functional or structural parameters could be applied to determine quantitatively the physiological states of plants under stresses.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

수간조직의 연륜화학분석(dendroanalysis)을 통해, 강원도 비오염 지역에서 생장한 한국소나무(Pinus densiflora L.) 성숙목의 연륜에 따른 Cd 총농도 분포 곡선과 Cd의 화학적 결합 형태를 알아보고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 수간조직 내 Cd 총농도는 건식법에 의하여 분석하였고 Cd의 추출을 위한 추출용액으로는 증류수, 0.01M 용액의 구연산, 사과산, $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$, $Na_2EDTA$를 이용하였다. 이때 추출용액에 따라 추출되어지는 각각의 Cd 농도는 총농도를 대신하여 Cd 전체를 추출한 $Na_2EDTA$ 용액에 의한 추출농도를 기준으로 하여 퍼센트로 나타내었다. Cd의 총농도 분포곡선은 목재부 안쪽의 심재 조직으로부터 바깥쪽 변재 조직으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 이행재를 지나면서 급격하게 그 농도가 떨어졌다. Cd 추출능은 물이 제일 낮았고 $MgCl_2$ < $CaCl_2$ < 사과산 < 구연산 < $Na_2EDTA$(전체 Cd 추출)의 순서를 보였다. 가장 낮은 추출능을 보인 물은 연륜에 따라 7%-30%를 추출한 반면 구연산은 60-95%까지 이르렀고 $Na_2EDTA$는 총 Cd을 추출하였다. 이때 물과 유기산에 의한 추출능은 언제나 심재조직에서 변재조직으로 가면서 증가하는 반면에 중성염의 경우에는 증가 경향을 보이다가 형성층에 가까워서 갑자기 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 본 실험은 수액성분에 해당하는 증류수, 중성염, 유기산 용액에 의한 수간의 목부조직 내 Cd 추출능을 분획 별로 구분하여 목부조직 내 Cd의 결합 형태를 결합 세기의 관점에서 알아보았다. 목부조직에 있는 Cd이 수용성인가 또는 추출용액에 의해 목부조직으로부터 교환되어질 수 있는 가능성이 있는가에 대해서 분획별로 논의하였다. 결과는 이전의 Quercus petraea와 Pinus sylvestris의 목부조직 내 Cd 추출실험과 비교하였으며, 소나무 연륜에 따른 Cd의 분포 곡선이 오염에 대한 역사적 변화를 나타낼 수 있는 가에 대해 실험 결과를 바탕으로 문제점을 제시하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2011

인산에 의한 카드뮴의 식물저감 효과를 증진시키기 위해 서로 다른 특성의 두 인산제재인 용과린과 $K_2HPO_4$를 선정하여 축분퇴비와 혼용하여 처리한 후 알타리무 내 카드뮴 흡수특성과 토양 내 카드뮴의 특성을 조사하였다. $K_2HPO_4$는 토양의 pH와 음하전도를 증대시켜 토양 내 유효태 카드뮴 함량과 알타리무내 카드뮴 흡수농도를 저감시키는 효과를 나타내었다. 반면 용과린은 토양의 pH와 음하전도를 감소시켜 유효태 카드뮴 함량과 알타리무 내 카드뮴 함량을 증가시키는 효과를 나타내었다. 축분퇴비와 인산비료와의 혼용은 인산 제재의 특성에 관계없이 인산비료를 단독으로 시용하였을 때 보다 알타리무 내 카드뮴 흡수농도와 토양 내 유효태 카드뮴 함량을 감소시키는 효과가 훨씬 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 인산비료나 축분퇴비의 시용에 의해 토양 내 인산과 카드뮴의 침전반응에 의한 난용성의 카드뮴 화합물의 형성은 나타나지 않았다. 토양의 pH와 음하전도는 토양 내 유효태 카드뮴의 함량과 알타리무 내 카드뮴의 함량과 고도로 유의한 부의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 인산비료와 축분퇴비에 의한 카드뮴의 부동화는 인산과 카드뮴의 직접적인 침전반응에 의한 것이라기보다는 토양의 pH와 음하전도의 증대에 기인된 카드뮴의 흡착증대에 의한 것으로 판단되어진다.