• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2013

Geniposide is an active product extracted from the gardenia fruit, and is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for liver disorders. This study examined the cytoprotective properties of geniposide and its metabolite, genipin, against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Geniposide (100 mg/kg) and genipin (50 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before ischemia. In the I/R mice, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipid peroxidation were elevated, whereas hepatic glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio was decreased. These changes were attenuated by geniposide and genipin administration. On the other hand, increased hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein expression was potentiated by geniposide and genipin administration. The increased levels of tBid, cytochrome c protein expression and caspase-3 activity were attenuated by geniposide and genipin. Increased apoptotic cells in the I/R mice were also significantly reduced by geniposide and genipin treatment. Our results suggest that geniposide and genipin offer significant hepatoprotection against I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.647-655
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• 2014

Obesity is strongly associated with several metabolic and chronic diseases and has become a major public health problem of worldwide concern. This study aimed to investigate the physiological characteristics and anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Q180. Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 was isolated from the faces of healthy adults and found to have a lipase inhibitory activity of $83.61{\pm}2.32%$ and inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells ($14.63{\pm}1.37%$) at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. The strain was investigated for its physiological characteristics. The optimum growth temperature of L. plantarum Q180 was $37^{\circ}C$. Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 showed higher sensitivity to novobiocin in a comparison of fifteen different antibiotics and showed the highest resistance to rifampicin, polymyxin B and vancomycin. The strain showed higher ${\beta}$-galactosidase and N-acetyl-${\beta}$-glucosaminidase activities. It also did not produce carcinogenic enzymes such as ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. The survival rate of L. plantarum Q180 in MRS broth containing 0.3% bile was 97.8%. Moreover, the strain showed a 97.2% survival rate after incubation for 3 h in pH 2.0. Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 was displayed resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus with rates of 55.6%, 38.0% and 47.6%, respectively. These results demonstrate that L. plantarum Q180 has potential as a probiotic with anti-obesity effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

본 실험은 이유자돈 120두를 이용하여 생균제의 첨가가 이유자돈의 성장 능력, 영양소 소화율, 혈중 요소태 질소, 설사 빈도, 면역 반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 이유자돈 사료에 항생제 대체제인 생균제의 첨가는 전 사양 기간에 걸쳐 사양 성적이 항생제 첨가구(PC)에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 항생제 첨가구(PC)를 제외하고 비교하였을 때에는 비록 유의적인 차이는 발생하지 않았지만 생균제 첨가구가 항생제 무첨가구(NC)에 비해 일당증체량, 사료효율에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 이는 항생제 첨가 효과에는 미치지 못하지만 항생제 대체제로서 그 가능성을 보인 것이라고 하겠다. 특히 생균제 A 첨가구는 0~5 주차 사료 효율(P<0.05)에서 항생제 첨가구(PC)와 비슷한 성적을 나타내어, 항생제 대체제로서 이유자돈의 성장을 개선 시킬 가능성이 가장 높다고 하겠다. 본 실험에서는 5주동안 이유자돈의 사료에 생균제를 첨가하여 사양성적을 보았는데, 생균제의 급여기간을 좀 더 늘리면 생균제의 처리효과가 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타날 수도 있으리라 생각된다. 이유자돈 사료에 생균제의 첨가가 건물, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 소화율에 어떠한 영향도 미치지 않았으며(P>0.10), 질소 축적율은 생균제 첨가구에서 항생제 첨가구(PC)에 비해 높게 나타났으나 일관된 효과를 보이지는 않았다. 혈중 요소태 질소 농도에서는 2주차와 4주차에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났다(P<0.05). 또한 생균제 B 첨가구가 다른 처리구에 비해 혈중 요소태 질소 농도가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 설사 발생 빈도 측정 결과, 항생제 첨가구(PC)에서 설사 발생 빈도가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 생균제 C 첨가구에서 다음으로 낮게 나타났다(P=0.18). 면역 반응 실험 결과, $CD^{4+}$ T-cell 수의 경우 생균제 C 첨가구에서 다른 처리구에 비해 가장 낮게 나타났으며(P<0.01), $CD^{8+}$ T-cell 수와 $CD^{4+}:CD^{8+}$ 비율의 경우에는 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 차이가 발생하지 않았다(P>0.10). 결론적으로 이유자돈사료 내 생균제의 첨가가 이유자돈의 성장 능력, 질소축적율, 혈중 요소태 질소, 설사 빈도, 및 면역 능력에 일정한 개선 효과를 갖고 있지만, 항생제 첨가 효과에는 미치지 못한다고 하겠다. 본 실험을 통해 이유자돈 사료에 생균제의 첨가는 항생제 대체제로서 일정 부분 개선효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 1994

넙치를 즉살하여 저장하는 경우에 저장 온도가 육의 파괴강도의 변화에 영향을 미치는 원인을 규명하기 위하여, 근원섬유의 형태학적인 변화 그리고 근육의 조직학적인 변화에 대하여 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 육의 파괴강도 변화는 $0^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 저장초기에 서서히 증가하여 저장 10시간후에 최대값을 나타내었으며, 그 후 저하 속도가 급하였다. 한편, $10^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 저장 기간을 통하여 육의 파괴강도의 증가는 거의 관찰되지 않았고, 저하 속도도 완만하였다. 2. 근원섬유의 형태학적인 변화는 즉살 직후에는 근절내의 A대, H대, I대 그리고 Z선이 확실히 구별되었다. $0^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 10시간후에 A대 중앙부의 H대의 구별이 확실하지 않았고, I대 간격이 좁아졌음이 관찰되었다. 한편 $10^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 15시간까지 H대의 흔적이 관찰되었다. 3. 근육의 조직학적인 변화는, 즉살 직후에는 세포와 세포사이의 간격이 전혀 관찰되지 않았으나, $0^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 15시간후에 전체의 세포 사이의 간격이 관찰되었다. 한편, $0^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 24시간 후에 전체의 세포 사이의 간격이 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, 즉살 넙치를 $0^{\circ}C$의 저온에 저장시에 저장 초기에 육의 파괴강도가 증가하는 것은 myosin과 actin의 결합의 촉진에 의한 actomyosin toughness의 상승에 기인하며, 그 후 파괴강도의 저하는 세포와 세포를 연결시키는 collagen matrix의 취약화 때문으로 해석된다.단계에 이르렀고 찐어묵은 $4^{\circ}C$에서 20일, $15^{\circ}C$에서는 5일까지 저장성이 있었다.yptoxanthin의 함유비가 높은 반면, lutein의 함유비가 낮은 경향을 보여 서로 차이를 나타내었다. 2) 미꾸리 표피의 총 carotenoid함량은 천연산 $4.00mg\%$인데 비하여 양식산 $2.99mg\%$로서 미꾸라지에서와 같이 천연산이 양식산보다 함량이 높았다. Carotenoid조성은 천연산에서 lutein $32.9\%$, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin $18.8\%$, cynthiaxanthin $17.0\%$, ${\beta}$-carotene $15.1\%$로서 주성분을 이루고, 그 외 zeaxanthin $6.5\%$, tunaxanthin $6.0\%$, a-cryptoxanthin $1.5\%$의 순으로 함유되었으며, 양식산에는 lutein $51.8\%$, cynthiaxanthin $19.9\%$, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin $10.8\%$로서 주성분을 이루고, 그 외 ${\beta}$-carotene $5.0\%$, zeaxanthin $4.8\%$, tunaxanthin $4.5\%$, a-cryptoxanthin $0.2\%$의 순으로 함유되어,

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.579-587
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• 2001

구개열에 대한 유병률과 분자생물학적 방법으로 연구가 지속되어 왔고, 원인 요소에 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 많은 연구방법중 분자생물학적 방법은 구개열 연구에 중요한 방법으로 고려 된다. 구개 형성에 여러성장 요소가 관여하는데, 그중 $TGF-\beta$는 세포이주, 상피-간엽 형질 전환, 세포외 기질 합성과 축적에 관여한다. 구개열 연구중에 beta-aminonitroproprionitrile (BAPN)을 이용하여 구개열 형성 백서와 $TGF-\beta$ 발현 양상과의 상관성에 대한 연구는 수행되지 않았다. 이 연구는 임신 10일째 백서 4마리를 구입한 후, 그 중 3마리에 BAPN을 1g/kg body weight비율로 구강투여하고 임신 20일째 희생하여 구개열 태자와 정상 태자에서 $TGF-\beta$ 발현 양상을 면역조직화학염색과 Western blot 분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 면역조직화학염색 결과 구개열 백서의 골아세포와 간엽조직에서 $TGF-\beta$ 발현 양상은 대조군과 비교할 때 낮은 활성을 보였다. 2. 구개열 백서의 골세포에서 $TGF-\beta$ 발현 양상은 대조군과 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 3. Western blot 분석결과 구개열 백서의 상악에서 $TGF-\beta$ 발현은 대조군의 상악에 비해 밴드가 약하게 발현되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.391-396
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• 1992

광자가영양이며 질소고정는을 갖는 사상체의 남조 Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Allen & Arnon (1/8) 의 무질소 최소배지에서 배양하여, 이형세포를 유도하고 생장과 질소고정활성의 변화와 각종 조절요인의 영향을 분석하였다. 질소결핍의 배지에서 생장과 질소고정활성의 증가율은 비례하였고, 생장에 따한 배지내 질산 ($NO^{3}$-N) 의 축적을 보였으며, 배양 6일 후에도 생장은 지속되었으나, 질소고정은 최대활성을 보인후 급격한 감소를 보여 질산의 저해농도와 일치하였다. 중요 환경요인의 영향은 혐기적 조건, 10,000 lux pH 8 및 $30^{\circ}C$ 에서 최적의 생장과 활성을 보였고, 질소화합물은 0.1 mM 이상의 저농도에서 현저히 활성을 저해하였으며, 탄산은 5 mM 에서 활성을 촉진하였으나 보다 높은 농도에서 저해를 보였다. 내염성을 NaCl 20mM 이하이었고 중금속이온은 $Hg^{2+}$>$Cd^{2+}$> $Co^{2+}$>$Zn^{2+}$>$Pb^{2+}$의 순으로 0.3~10 ppm 의 범위에서 활성을 저해하였다. 탄수화물은 0.5-1.0% 에서 생장과 활성을 촉진하였고, 설탕>과당>포도당의 순이었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권3호
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• pp.206-217
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• 2011

Background: Transcription factor FOXP3 characterizes the thymically derived regulatory T cells. FOXP3 is expressed by cancer cell itself and FOXP3 expression was induced by TGF-${\beta}$ treatment in pancreatic cancer cell line. However, the expression of FOXP3 expression is not well known in patients with lung cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the expression of FOXP3 in patients with lung cancer and to investigate the regulation of FOXP3 expression by the treatment of TGF-${\beta}$ and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor in lung cancer cell lines. Methods: FOXP3 expression in the tissue of patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The regulation of FOXP3 expression was investigated by Western blot and RT-PCR after lung cancer cell lines were stimulated with TGF-${\beta}1$ and TGF-${\beta}2$. The regulation of FOXP3 expression was also investigated by RT-PCR and flow cytometry after lung cancer cell lines were treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-AZA-dC). Results: FOXP3 expression was confirmed in 27% of patients with NSCLC. In NCI-H460 cell line, TGF-${\beta}2$ decreased FOXP3 mRNA and protein expressions. In A549 cell line, both TGF-${\beta}1$ and TGF-${\beta}2$ decreased FOXP3 mRNA and protein expressions. 5-AZA-dC increased FOXP3 mRNA expression in NCI-H460 and A549 cell lines. Moreover, 5-AZA-dC increased intracellular FOXP3 protein expression in A549 cell lines. Conclusion: It was shown that FOXP3 is expressed by cancer cell itself in patients with NSCLC. Treatment of TGF-${\beta}2$ and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor seems to be associated with the regulation of FOXP3 expression in lung cancer cell lines.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2002

Chlorella is rich in chlorella growth factor (CGF). A review of the literature has described that CGF improves the capability of a Th1-based immunity, anticancer, antioxidant antibacterial activity, growth promotion, wound healing and so on, but has not studied the effect for the metabolism and the proliferation of human skin keratinocyte. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of metabolism and the proliferation of human skin keratinocyte in vitro. CGF was extracted with an autoclaving method which is a modified hot-water extraction method from dried chlorella and conformed by means of absorbance 0.22 at 260 nm. We have measured the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of the CGF by Cytosensor$^{\circledR}$ Microphysiometer and evaluated responsiveness depending upon the dosage on the HaCaT cell. The ECAR for the concentrations of 0.15, 1.5, 15, 150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of CGF increased as a 103.6, 128.2, 149.0 and 423.9%, respectively compared to control (0.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 100% ECAR). The ECAR for ErbBl tyrosine kinase inhibited by 4-anilinoquinazolines, $C_{16}$H$_{14}$BrN$_3$O$_2$.HCl on tile HaCaT cells with the amounts of 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of the CCF compared with 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of rhEGF. The conclusion of the study is that CGF might increase human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation through the interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor and itself.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.16.1-16.20
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• 2022

The gastrointestinal tract is the first organ directly affected by fasting. However, little is known about how fasting influences the intestinal immune system. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) capture antigens, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and provoke adaptive immune responses. We evaluated the changes of intestinal DCs in mice with short-term fasting and their effects on protective immunity against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Fasting induced an increased number of CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs in both small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN). The SILP CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs showed proliferation and migration, coincident with increased levels of GM-CSF and C-C chemokine receptor type 7, respectively. At 24 h post-infection with LM, there was a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen, liver, and mLN of the short-term-fasted mice compared to those fed ad libitum. Also, short-term-fasted mice showed increased survival after LM infection compared with ad libitum-fed mice. It could be that significantly high TGF-β2 and Aldh1a2 expression in CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs in mice infected with LM might affect to increase of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Changes of major subset of DCs from CD103⁺ to CD103^- may induce the increase of IFN-γ-producing cells with forming Th1-biased environment. Therefore, the short-term fasting affects protection against LM infection by changing major subset of intestinal DCs from tolerogenic to Th1 immunogenic.