• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.123-130
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• 2000

Sanchung-mok is a tall defoliate broad leaved tree grows in middle & north regions of our country. The leaves, twig and bark of this tree has apparent treatment action for fatty liver, hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, liver cancer and etc. I, the writer of this article hereby present the result as we have acquired good result by dosing the sanchung-mok to many sorts of liver disease patients since 1998.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.503-514
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• 2020

Climate change leads to changes in phenological response and movement of plant habitats. Korea's evergreen broad-leaved forest has widened its distribution area compared for the past 20 years, and the range of its native habitats is moving northward. We analyzed climate indices such as the warmth index, the cold index, the lowest temperature in the coldest month, and the annual average temperature, which are closely related to vegetation distribution, to predict the change in the native habitat of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees. We also analyzed the change and spatial distribution to identify the habitat climate characteristics of 8 species of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees distributed in the warm temperate zone in Korea. Moreover, we predicted the natural habitat change in the 21st century according to the climate change scenario (RCP 4.5/8.5), applying the MaxEnt species distribution model. The monthly average climate index of the 8 species of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees was 116.9±10.8℃ for the temperate index, the cold index 3.9±3.8℃, 1495.7±455.4mm for the annual precipitation, 11.7±3.5 for the humidity index, 14.4±1.1℃ for the annual average temperature, and 1.0±2.1℃ for the lowest temperature of winter. Based on the climate change scenario RCP 4.5, the distribution of the Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees was analyzed to expand to islands of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, adjacent areas of the west and south coasts, and Goseong, Gangwon-do on the east coast. In the case of the distribution based on the climate change scenario RCP 8.5, it was analyzed that the distribution would expand to all of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, and most regions except for some parts of Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and the capital region. For the conservation of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees to prepare for climate change, it is necessary to establish standards for conservation plans such as in-situ and ex-situ conservation and analyze various physical and chemical characteristics of native habitats. Moreover, it is necessary to preemptively detect changes such as distribution, migration, and decline of Lauraceae evergreen broad-leaved trees following climate change based on phenological response data based on climate indicators and establish conservation management plans.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

Establishments of the seedlings inside the natural forest from adjacent artificial forests would be an important factor in forest stand dynamics. This study was conducted to see the invasion of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings which is not native in this region, into the natural deciduous broad-leaved forest in Gwangneung, Korea. There is no mother tree at the I ha study site while the number of naturally regenerated P. koraiensis seedlings was 345 trees and 56% of them were clumped with more than two seedlings at each point. Applying the image segmentation method to IKONOS satellite image of January, 2003, the distance from the center of 1 ha study site to the nearest mother tree and plantation of Korean pine were 200 m and 270 m, respectively. The average height and root-collar diameter of the seedlings were 34 em and 7 mm, respectively and the age of 207 seedlings (60%) were below 5 years old. Most abundant range of soil moisture gradient and LAl (leaf area index) were from 16 to 20% and those of LAI were from 3.1 to 3.5. To understand the dynamics and seed dispersal pattern of Korean pine in the Gwangneung natural deciduous broad-leaved forests, additional studies not only long-term monitoring of growth and mortality of naturally regenerated Korean pine seedlings but also application of stable isotope analysis and molecular genetic techniques was recommended.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2002

This study investigated the species composition and distribution of woody plants, and flora of vascular plants of Cheonjiyeon where is located in the most southern region of Korea. Twenty-nine taxa of trees were distributed in the valley, and of these, deciduous broad-leaved trees were 13. Of the total number of 2,547 trees, 1,429 were deciduous broad-leaved trees and remainder was broad-leaved evergreen. Deciduous broad-leaved trees covered 48.7% of the tree canopy while evergreen broad-leaved trees covered only 42.3%. The total number of shrub taxa was 37 with more evergreen shrub taxa than deciduous. Evergreen shrubs occupied 64.4％ of shrub canopy while deciduous shrubs covered only 35.4％. The result of the investigation of flora showed that there are 446 taxa of flora including 114 families, 320 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 9 forma. Of these, two species, Rubus hongnoensis Nakai and Lycoris chejuensis K. Tae et S. Ko, are endemic plants of Jeju Island. The flora includes 17 taxa of rare plants that are distributed only in Jeju Island in Korea. Also, the flora includes 1 taxon, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Loureiro) Poiret var. ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara, of Korean natural monument, 2 taxa, Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. and Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copeland, of legally protected wildlife and plants, 38 taxa of naturalized plants, and 75 taxa of introduced plants.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.275-285
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• 2020

Background: In Korea, Symplocos prunifolia Siebold. & Zucc. is only found on Jeju Island. Conservation of the species is difficult because little is known about its distribution and natural habitat. The lack of research and survey data on the characteristics of native vegetation and distribution of this species means that there is insufficient information to guide the management and conservation of this species and related vegetation. Therefore, this study aims to identify the distribution and vegetation associated with S. prunifolia. Results: As a result of field investigations, it was confirmed that the native S. prunifolia communities were distributed in 4 areas located on the southern side of Mt. Halla and within the evergreen broad-leaved forest zones. Furthermore, these evergreen broad-leaved forest zones are themselves located in the warm temperate zone which are distributed along the valley sides at elevations between 318 and 461 m. S. prunifolia was only found on the south side of Mt. Halla, and mainly on south-facing slopes; however, small communities were found to be growing on northwest-facing slopes. It has been confirmed that S. prunifolia trees are rare but an important constituent species in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Jeju. The mean importance percentage of S. prunifolia community was 48.84 for Castanopsis sieboldii, 17.79 for Quercus acuta, and 12.12 for Pinus thunbergii; S. prunifolia was the ninth most important species (2.6). Conclusions: S. prunifolia can be found growing along the natural streams of Jeju, where there is little anthropogenic influence and where the streams have caused soil disturbance through natural processes of erosion and deposition of sediments. Currently, the native area of S. prunifolia is about 3300 ㎡, which contains a confirmed population of 180 individual plants. As a result of these low population sizes, it places it in the category of an extremely endangered plant in Korea. In some native sites, the canopy of evergreen broad-leaved forest formed, but the frequency and coverage of species were not high. Negative factors that contributed to the low distribution of this species were factors such as lacking in shade tolerance, low fruiting rates, small native areas, and special habitats as well as requiring adequate stream disturbance. Presently, due to changes in climate, it is unclear whether this species will see an increase in its population and habitat area or whether it will remain as an endangered species within Korea. What is clear, however, is that the preservation of the present native habitats and population is extremely important if the population is to be maintained and expanded. It is also meaningful in terms of the stable conservation of biodiversity in Korea. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is judged that a systematic evaluation for the preservation and conservation of the habitat and vegetation management method of S. prunifolia should be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.482-490
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• 2021

This research was conducted to analyze the sound absorption effect of air-dried leaves from two evergreen tree species found in Korea's warm-temperate and subtropical regions. As eco-friendly sound absorption materials, Dendropanax morbiferusa, and Fatsia japonica leaves were prepared in three specimen units sizes 0.5 × 0.5 cm², 1.0 × 1.0 cm², and 2.0 × 2.0 cm², and each of them was formed at a thickness of 1.00 cm, 1.75 cm, and 2.50 cm. The measured sound absorption coefficients (SAC) for 18 conditions were comparatively analyzed in this study. The SAC of both tree species was significantly improved by increasing the dried leaf layer thickness. These results showed a more consistent and distinct trend for both tree species under the condition of 0.5 cm² in dried leaf size compared to other leaf specimen sizes. However, as the thickness increased, the difference in sound absorption effect according to the leaf size tends to decrease overall. In the case of D. morbiferus, there was no significant difference in SAC based on leaf size under the condition of 2.5 cm thickness (p < 0.05). The highest mean SAC was found in a 2.5 cm thick condition with a leaf size of 0.5 × 0.5 cm², 0.549 for D. morbiferusa, and 0.594 for F. japonica, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.589-596
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• 2013

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. is an evergreen plant that belongs to the Genus Vaccinium distributed in Korea, and its fruit has been used for food by the common people and thus has a high possibility of commercialization. Therefore, the habitat environment and individual characteristics of V. bracteatum in Jeju Island were investigated to obtain the basic data for commercialization and preservation. The results showed that V. bracteatum is mostly distributed on the southern slope of Mt. Halla at an altitude of 100 to 500 m. V. bracteatum that occurred in the quadrat were total 30 individuals, which had an average height of 6.0 m, an average DBH of 7.8 cm, and an average number of trunk of 4.3. As for the community structure of the habitat, the average percentage of vegetation cover for the tree layer was 36%, while that for the subtree layer was 78%, which emphasized the importance of the subtree layer. The total number of species that occurred in the quadrat was 76. For the tree layer, total 10 species occurred, which include 2 species of evergreen coniferous trees, 3 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 5 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. For the subtree layer, total 24 species occurred, which include 1 species of evergreen coniferous tree, 11 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 10 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Among these, Eurya japonica Thunb. was the species with a high relative contribution, which threatened V. bracteatum For the shrub layer, 27 species occurred including Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold, and for the herbaceous layer, 64 species occurred including Ardisia crenata Sims. The similarity between the habitats of V. bracteatum was very low, and it did not prefer a characteristic community. The V. bracteatum community around Shinrei stream was distributed on the surrounding area adjacent to the slope of the stream rather than the slope. There were a lot of basins, but the branches, which did not receive sunlight, had withered. It is thought that V. bracteatum would decline if the forest formation continues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.29-44
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• 2016

This study was carried out to the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of forest ecosystem in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Fifteenth plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into seven groups which area community I(Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community), II(Pinus densiflora community), III(Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community), IV(Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community), V(Quercus serrata community), VI(Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad-leaved plant community), VII(Cornus controversa-Carpinus laxiflora community). Shannon diversity index per $400m^2$ was to 0.7777 to 1.1440 and the age of Pinus densiflora 86 years old, Quercus variabilis was ranged from 66 to 87 years old, Quercus serrata was ranged from 51 to 62 years old, Carpinus laxiflora was 94 years old. In 2013, the succession trend was predicted Pinus densiflora${\rightarrow}$Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata ${\rightarrow}$Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora. The ecological sucession progress has declined power of the Pinus densiflora and the increased power of the deciduous broad-leaved and Quercus spp. in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis communities that judged Pinus densiflora were progressing by direction of landform. The southern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus variabilis, the northern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus serrata. In flat Valley, mainly native species of Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora are predicted ecological succession for deciduous broad-leaved tree community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.29-39
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• 2011

This study aimed to select evergreen broad-leaved trees (EBT) that can be produced and planted in Korea by analyzing the current use of the trees for landscaping in the Kyushu area of Japan, a warm temperate region. The results revealed the total production of EBT was higher than that of conifers and due to the suitable growth environment of the area and the subsequent high demand for them. The landscape tree production methods in Japan were divided into container nursery and outdoor nursery, and the uses and species of the trees varied depending on the method; a variety of native species were produced in container nursery rather than in outdoor nursery, whereas trees used as ornamental, gardening, and shade plants were produced in outdoor nursery rather than in container nursery. The results also showed that in Fukuoka, a major city in Kyushu that is adjacent to Korea, the planting rate of EBT, used as ornamental, gardening, and shade plants, was higher than that of deciduous broad-leaved trees and conifers. In the city, the planting rate of Cinnamomum camphora was the highest, Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Ilex rotunda, Quercus glauca, Camellia sasanqua, Eurya emarginata, Pittosporum tobira, Raphiolepis indica var. umbellata, Hedera rhombea, Kadsura japonica, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. asiaticum. These species were verified in Kyushu area for their application as landscape trees and are expected to serve as landscape trees in Korea if the planting areas of them are expanded by global warming, urban heat island and regional microclimate.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.237-248
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• 2008

The chemical composition of the volatile constituents from broad-leaved indeciduous trees was determined by GC and GC/MS spectrometric analysis with the aid of NBS, Wiley Library and RI indice searches. The major constituents were identified as hotrienol (9.21%) from Ligustrum japonicum flowers, undecane (32.12%) from Pittosporum tobira leaves, 1,8-cineole (45.32%) from Illicium religiosum leaves, ${\gamma}$-terpinene (15.62%) from Neolitsea aciculata leaves, 1,8-cineole (14.66%) from Cinnamomum japonicum leaves, 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran (54.51%) from Camellia sinensis leaves, and ${\gamma}$-elemene (18.59%) from Dendropanax morbifera leaves.