• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2016

Due to the rapid economic development of Korea, the bridge have been built by government over the several years. Additionally, there are too many mountain and river and the bridge have been built in rural area. But bridge designers weren't considering the bridge landscape. And bridge was a negative factor in regional landscape. Because of this, this study surveyed the landscape preferences of rural bridge landscapes according to different bridge types. The results were summarized as follows: And this research include conducting a study on visual preference according to the bridge's type and background. And, the landscape of arch bridge in the river 1 is landscape of the highest preference. The the landscape of girder bridge in the river 2 is landscape of the lowest preference. In the river 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the arch bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In the mountain 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the cable-stayed bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In conclusion, the visual preference of bridge landscape depend on the background and bridge shape, the study said. Therefore, when bridge designer design the bridge, designer have to choose proper bridge shape according to the background. This research was conducted only in bridge landscape of rural area but the visual preference of bridge landscape can be changed according to the various background. And further research is needed to analyze visual preference of bridge landscape according to the various background.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.82-91
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• 2007

Currently, bridges are regarding as the structure with formative, scenic and environmental values more than their function as simple passageways. Because an attempt to work on the diversity of the bridge types and installation of the large structures on bridge are part of the project of the regional amenity enterprises, a study that harmonizes bridges with landscape is needed at this point in time. This background can influence the direction of bridge landscapes that considers local features by analysis of visual preferences on a bridge simulated scene. The results were as follows: analyzing the change of the simulated landscape image, forest landscape are damaged by the input of a bridge which was natural, harmonic and intimate. On the other hand, when a bridge was inserted into the ocean landscape, it was thought to improve the ocean landscape, especially, upper part form of arch bridge various or suspension bridge were improved in polished and various image. The insertion of a bridge into an urban landscape change from a negative image to a beautiful, harmonic and attractive image. The intimate, harmonic and natural image of a rural landscape was damaged by inserting a bridge. As analysis result about change of landscape preference by input of bridge, there is difference between before and after as input the bridge, and bridge influences as main object in the simulated scene. Visual preference was the highest in the ocean landscape, and the lowest in the suspension bridge in the rural landscape. The complicated shape of bridge follows on the background type difference certainly appear. Thee simulated scene preference except the urban landscape of the simulated scene fell generally Especially, fall of preference of girder bridge in the forest and ocean landscape, suspension bridge in the rural landscape appeared notedly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.11-20
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• 2002

This study aims to discover the landscape image of bridges and their harmonization wish surrounding sceneries. This research utilized the basic study tool of psycho-physics and processed the case study of five types of bridges on the Han-River, Seoul. Twenty-one bridges on Han-River were classified into five categories ; the cable stayed bridge, the arch bridge, the girder bridge, the trust bridge and the suspension bridge. Also, aesthetic elements of the bridges including the form the texture, the color, the scale and the harmony were examined. The questionaires to analysis the image and harmonization with surrounding sceneries were designed using semantic differential scale and 5 point Likert scale. The results of the research were as follows. First, components representing the images of bridge landscape are classified into three types, ‘beauty’, ‘weightfulness’ and ‘friendliness’. Second, the image of each bridge as a whole turns out not to be different from each other but to be different in the context of neighboring sceneries. It was also determined that both the Cable Stayed Bridge type and the Arch Bridge type are the most attractive. But, the former does have a more masculine image, and the latter has a m[n feminine image. Third, the Cable Stayed Bridge and the Arch Bridge were evaluated highly in terms of harmonization with surrounding landscapes, while the Girder Bridge received the lowest evaluation. All of the above results suggest that the bridges should be constructed not only for beauty itself in form, color, texture and scale, but also in harmonization with the surrounding landscape. Lastly, it is desirable to do further research to find out sort specific design principles that exist between bridges and tangible surrounding landscape types.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.48-56
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• 2007

This study was to understand the component that affects the formative beauty and to present the direction of bridge design for improving the image of urban landscape to survey the visual effect and landscape Preference by the change of bridge type. The results of this study are as follows. In the results of image analysis by bridge types, the images of one-arch bridges are unique and interesting, whereas more than two successive arched bridge were harmonize, stable, consecutive and regular. In the case of the arch rib, braced-rib arch bridge was assessed that complicated, diverse and interesting more than solid-rib arch bridge. The results of factor analysis on the psychological factor were classified into three categories: orderliness, aesthetic and symbolism. In the results of analysis on psychological factors by bridge types, the orderliness and symbolism were different in the position of path, and the number of arches, too. In case of arch rib, symbolism was different. In the preference analysis, they showed a sensitive reaction in the background of building. In the results of the relativity preference and psychological factor, according to aesthetic, symbolism and orderliness, there was an effect on the background of building. And, there showed the high effect in order of aesthetic, orderliness and symbolism in the background of mountain and building. This study should be objective raw data of the arch bridge design for improving the urban landscape. In the future, aesthetic variables like colors or textures should be considered for more exact evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Due to the Korea's topographic characteristic, there are a lot of marine bridges to connect between islands and mainland. In addition, marine bridges play an important role in a regional landscape. For these reasons, landscape design of bridge is necessary in order to improve beautification of region. So, this studies analyzed image and landscape preference of marine bridges in rural area. The main results were summarized as follows: When rating the image of the background in sea and mountain image, 'stable' and 'natural' were rated highly. When rating the image of the arch bridge in sea and mountain image, 'beautiful', and 'attractive' were rated highly. When rating the image of the cable-stayed bridge in sea and mountain image, 'splendid', and 'attractive' were rated highly. When rating the image of the suspension bridge in sea and mountain image, 'beautiful', and 'splendid' were rated highly. Next, When rating the image of the background in sea and building image, 'stable' and 'natural' were rated highly. When rating the image of the arch bridge in sea and building image, 'beautiful', and 'splendid' were rated highly. When rating the image of the cable-stayed bridge in sea and building image, 'beautiful', and 'attractive' were rated highly. When rating the image of the suspension bridge in sea and building image, 'beautiful', and 'attractive' were rated highly. And, The image of suspension bridges in sea and mountain image is more highly preferred than other image. The background in sea and mountain image is landscape of the lowest preference. In the mountain and sea image, the preference of suspension bridge landscape has the highest rating. In the sea and building image, the preference of arch bridge landscape has the highest rating. In conclusion, the results illustrate that the marine bridge's shape and its background in rural area are important elements of a visual preference. When designing the marine bridge, designer have to choose a proper bridge shape for its background. However, this research's limitation is that this research consider only bridge shape and background to analyze landscape preference of marine bridges. Therefore, further research is necessary to consider various elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.31-38
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• 2002

This study attempts to grasp the correlation between the image of bridges and bridge landscapes with their surroundings during day and nighttime viewing, and to understand the psychological influence of nighttime lighting through quantitative analysis. In addition, it presents a design to construct bridges in order to increase viewers enjoyment of bridge landscapes lit at night. To attain this objective and contrive generalization of the results, this paper selects 8 of 9 bridges with lightings in Seoul and excludes bridges constructed by 2004. The criteria for selection of the viewpoints is that each must be within easy reach of bridges, and must allow viewers to recognize surrounding landscape details both in daylight and at night. As well, the pictures of bridges are taken in the terraced land by the riverside. The study selects 16 pictures, judged to be of similar quality and angle, to establish the conditions of luminosity, color, definition and angle. The results are as follows. First, viewers preferences of night landscapes are higher than day landscapes due to the effect of lighting. By day, viewers preferred bridges with various structures such as cable-stayed bridges and arch bridges more than simple bridges like girder bridges. Viewers also indicated preferences for lightings which feature a unique color and which are harmonized with their surroundings. Second, components representing the images of bridge landscape are classified into three types, 'beauty', 'system' and 'agreeableness'. Third, the factors affecting preference are the shape of bridge by day and lighting at night. Esthetic appeal is the most important factor in visual preference so each bridges own esthetic appeal and surroundings must be considered. Thus, a complete plan must be created which considers safety, beauty and the local surroundings. In addition, when the lighting of a bridge is selected, the design of the bridge landscape must consider various lighting schemes to harmonize the upper and lower parts of the structure. At this point, the study reveals the basic elements of bridge planning in order to increase appreciation of the bridge landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.5 s.112
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• pp.15-30
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• 2005

A deserted town once vibrant with active commercial activities around a railroad station now tries to find a way to escape from depression and revive its life with a renewed civic pride. An open space adjacent to the Main Street, the commercial district of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, is waiting to be transformed and reconfigured to be a new ecological park to boost the economy of the community. Bridge Park is 26-acre land abutting the Cape Cod Canal with a railroad bridge as a backdrop. The existing condition of the site with a small salt marsh, woodland, lawn, and the vestige of old railroad easement along with the proximity to the commercial district poses an interesting question of how to make a medium scaled ecological park within an urban context. This paper examines the winning design proposals for the Bridge Park submitted to the International Design Competition held in April, 2005. Six winning proposals were introduced and discussed in terms of categories related to the trend of contemporary landscape design such as; 1) ecological ordinariness and geometric figures, 2) topography and spatial imagination, 3) minimal programs and open put 4) time and process oriented design, 5) park and economic effects and 6) diagrammatic plan and photo montage. Bridge Park Design Competition confirms the complex characteristics representing the contemporary landscape design overcoming the dichotomy between nature and culture and the 'pastoral ecological design' and 'landscape as an art'. The Park becomes the activating agent for the community rejecting the conventional and passive role as a romantic picturesque landscape. Bridge Park International Design Competition is a meaningful event to test the idea of new ecological urban park, and to fine-tune the trend of the contemporary urban park design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

This study formed an estimation of the visual characteristics of urban bridges in Yanghwaro in the Gyeongui Railroad Area using a landscape simulation. Existing theses have formerly only suggested directions for design based on visual preference, but there is as yet no research on the practical process of landscape design. As a result, it is difficult to directly apply this to bridge design. This study found a potential bridge site and presented a direction for bridge design in order to improve the image of the surrounding urban landscape by surveying the visual effects and landscape preferences of different bridge types. An urban landscape was produced using a landscape simulation model and was made the background for the survey. Five bridge types--Girder, Arch, Truss, Cable and Suspension--were selected and presented. The shapes of the bridges were selected based on the floor plan. The results of this study are as follows. In a preference analysis, every bridge except Girder was evaluated as a positive influence. When rating the image, 'artificial' was rated significantly higher than other traits when assessing the background image. When the Girder Bridge was introduced, 'stable' and 'orderly' were both rated highly while 'stable', 'beautiful', 'orderly' and 'interesting' were high with the introduction of the Arch Bridge. 'Beautiful', 'stable', and 'orderly' were given a high value in the introduction of the Truss Bridge and every image except 'natural', 'harmony' and 'orderly' were highly rated in the introduction of the Cable Bridge. Further, every image but 'natural' was highly rated with the introduction of the Suspension Bridge. Based on the analysis of the landscape, there is a difference in preference before and after modeling a bridge type, while the bridge itself is an influence when it is the main object of the simulated scene. This study researched only the shape of the bridge as a part of the landscape but other elements such as stability, economics, and construction are also factors in the design of a bridge. Stability, economics, construction and other factors must be considered when selecting a bridge type in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

This research is focus on the analysis of bridge image and preference. In this study, 3 types of bridge with arch bridge, cable stayed bridge, and suspension bridge, 4 prospect points named A, B, C, and D will be simulated in one scene for final analysis of bridge image and preference.On prospect point A, higher evaluation is received among the arch bridge. In addition, for cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge, the Higher evaluation is received among the most at the arch bridge on prospect point B. At the on prospect point C, higher evaluation is received among the most cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge compared with arch bridge. At the on prospect point D, lower evaluation is received among the cable stayed bridge and suspension bridge compared with arch bridge. The highest average total preference is received for cable stayed bridge. And, The lowest average total preference is received for arch bridge. Cable stayed bridge is suitable for the Baegya Bridge than arch bridge in the Landscape point. In conclusion, the preference for one bridge is not the same at different prospect points through above research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate landscape image and define elements of difference in visual preference of bridges on the Han River. To do this end, video was used as a media for the evaluation of the landscape image of 16 bridges on the Han River using a Semantic Differential scale. Data is collected by 50 students from Woosuk University, majoring landscape architecture. Final analysis utilized a total of 704 samples of data. Data is analyzed through descriptive statistics, and spatial image is analyzed by factor analysis algorithm Principle component analysis using Varimax method is applied far extraction and factor rotation. T-test is used to find the difference between the bridge type of preference with the data of factor score. Logistic regression is used to select the factors that influences the visual preference among the image factors. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; The image of whole bridges on the Han River is somewhat orderly, sequential and open. The degree of visual preference of unique bridge type is higher than normal but there are some differences in visual preference within the same type of structure. This suggests that the surrounding landscape is one of the important factor for visual preference. Factors covering the image of bridge are found to be 'aesthetic',　'structure','spatial factor', and 'shape'. Total variance is obtained as 60.4%. The aesthetic variables are the most important factor for visual preference and the structural factor presents no significant difference in visual preference between more preferred and less preferred bridges. Since the collapse of Songsu Bridge, we thought the structural factor is very important but the results of this study suggest that it is more important to consider the aesthetic and spatial factors of the bridge to increase the visual preference when planning and designing bridges. Simulations with more detailed data about surroundings should be utilized practical design.