• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.238-242
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• 1997

Seeds of five radish varieties were soaked in water for three hours and cellulose was coated. The seeds were classified as three groups in UV light; non-fluorescent(NF), partly fluorescent(PF), and fully fluorescent(FF) seeds. Germination rate was less in the order of NF>PF>FF seeds. The seed coat structure of NF seeds was dense and showed round shape, while those of PF and FF seeds were wrinkled or ruptured. The cotyledon and hypocotyl of NF seeds were normal, while those of PF and FF seeds were dwarf and showed some scars in the cotyledons.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.213-224
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• 2008

Flexible pavement responses to vehicular loading, such as critical stresses and strains, in each pavement layer, could be predicted by the multilayered elastic analysis. However, multilayered elastic theory suffers from major drawbacks including spatial dimension of a numerical model, material properties considered in the analysis, boundary conditions, and ill-presentation of tire-pavement contact shape and stresses. To overcome these shortcomings, three-dimensional finite element (3D FE) models are developed and numerical analyses are conducted to calculate pavement responses to moving load in this study. This paper introduces a methodology for an effective 3D FE to simulate flexible pavement structure. It also discusses the mesh development and boundary condition analysis. Sensitivity analyses of flexible pavement response to loading are conducted. The infinite boundary conditions and time-dependent history of calculated pavement responses are considered in the analysis. This study found that the outcome of 3D FE implicit dynamic analysis of flexible pavement that utilizes appropriate boundary conditions, continuous moving load, viscoelastic hot-mix asphalt model is comparable to field measurements.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1171-1179
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• 2012

In this study, we consider a dynamic positioning system (DPS) design problem that can be extended to many application fields. Toward this end, tracking and positioning control problems are discussed. In particular, we design a tracking control system that incorporates an observer based on the 2-DOF servo system design approach in order to obtain the desired state information. In the case of observer design, a weighted $H_{\infty}$ error bound approach for a state estimator is considered. Based on an algebraic Riccati equation (inequality) approach, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a full-order estimator that satisfies the weighted $H_{\infty}$ error bound is introduced. The condition for the existence of the estimator is denoted by a linear matrix inequality (LMI) that yields an optimized solution and the observer gain.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2014

This paper shows the feasibility of using carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials for manufacturing automotive coil springs. For achieving weight reduction by replacing steel with composite materials, it is essential to optimize the material parameters and design variables of the coil spring. First, the shear modulus of a CFRP beam model, which has $45^{\circ}$ ply angles for maximum torsional stiffness, was calculated and compared with the test results. The diameter of the composite spring was predicted to be 17.5 mm for ensuring a spring rate equal to that when using steel material. Finally, a finite element model of the composite coil spring with $45^{\circ}$ ply angles and 17.5 mm wire diameter was constructed and analyzed for obtaining the static spring rate, which was then compared with experimental results.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 1992

The influence of phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment (75 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 4 days) on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem (DTZ) and its metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem (DAD), was investigated in rats. DTZ was injected via femoral (3 mg/kg) or portal (10 mg/kg) vein to the control and PB-pretreated rats. DAD was also injected separately via femoral (3 mg/kg) vein to both groups of rats. The intrinsic hepatic plasma clearance of DTZ was found to be significantly increased (6.8-fold) by the PB pretreatment. However, the fraction of an intravenous DTZ dose converted to DAD $(F_mi)$ was only slightly (6%) increased and calculated metabolic rate constant of DTZ to DAD was not affected by the pretreatment. On the other hand, plasma free fraction of DTZ was increased (1.8-fold) from $4.24{\pm}0.25%$ to $7.45{\pm}0.54%$ by the pretreatment. However, the l.8-fold increase in the free fraction of DTZ would not explain the 6.8-fold increase in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ. Therefore, the increase in either the hepatic blood flow or the metabolism other than to DAD was expected as the probable mechanism(s) of the increased hepatic clearance of DTZ. Sequential metabolism of DAD to further metabolites, however, would be a more potential cause of the apparently unchanged metabolism of DTZ to DAD by the PB-pretreatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2008

Application of genotype by environment ($G\;{\times}\;E$) interaction would be used for identifying optimum test condition of the varietal adaptation in the establishment of breeding purpose. Yield and yield components were used to perform additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis. Significant difference for $G\;{\times}\;E$ interaction were observed for all variable examined. For yield, 0.18 of total sum of squares corresponded to $G\;{\times}\;E$ interaction. Correlation analysis was carried out between genotypic scores of the first interaction principal component axis (IPCA 1) for agronomic characters. Significant correlations were observed between IPCA 1 for yield and capsule bearing stem length (CBSL), number of capsule per plant (NOC). The biplot of grain yield means for IPCA1 which accounted for 34% of the variation in total treatment sums of squares showed different reaction according to $G\;{\times}\;E$ interaction, genotypes and environments. Taegu showed relatively lower positive IPCA1 scores, and it also showed smaller coefficient variation of yield mean where it is recommendable as a optimal site for the sesame cultivar adaptation and evaluation trial. In case of variables, Yangbaek and M1 showed relatively lower IPCA1 scores, but the score direction showed opposite each other on the graph. Ansan, Miryang1, Miryang4, and Miryang6 seemed to be similar group in view of yield response against IPCA1 scores. These results will be helpful to select experimental site for sesame in Korea to minimize $G\;{\times}\;E$ interaction for the selection of promising genotype with higher stability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2005

월동기간 동안 zoysiagrass[Zoysia matrella(L.) Merr]와 creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Hunds)의 저온 스트레스에 대한 탄수화물 대사 반응을 구명하기 위해 11월부터 이듬해 4월까지의 식물체내의 탄수화물 대사산물의 변화를 비교 분석하였다. Creeping bentgrass의 녹색도와 뿌리 성장은 온도변화와 거의 평행하게 변화하였으나 zoysiagrass는 뿌리 성장에 거의 변화가 없이 3월 말까지 담황색을 나타냈다. 11월부터 이듬해 1월까지 zoysiagrass에서 glucose와 sucrose 함량은 크게 높았고, 1월에서 4월까지 starch를 제외한 모든 탄수화물 화합물들의 감소의 정도가 현저하게 낮았다. Reeping bentgrass에서 fructan의 depolymerization이 2월 이후 단당류와 이당류의 감소와 일치했으나 zoysiagrass에서는 starch 가수분해가 11월부터 일찍이 시작되었다. 이상의 결과들은 creeping bentgrass와 비교 했을때 zoysisagrass 뿌리의 높은 비구조적 탄수화물의 농도가 저온 내성과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 잘 나타내어 주고 있다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.315-319
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• 2007

Biofilm formation on various surfaces is a well-known phenomenon and it has caused pollution problems, health and safety hazards, and substantial economic loss in many areas including the food industry. In the present study, Gamma irradiation at a dose of 2.0 kGy reduced the bacterial counts of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspensions by 6.7 and >6.5 log CFU/mL, respectively, and 30 ppm of sodium hypochlorite effectively reduced the counts of both bacterial suspensions to below the limit of detection ($<2\;log\;CFU/cm^2$). However, in bacterial biofilms attached to stainless steel, gamma irradiation at a dose of 10.0 kGy reduced the counts of S. aureus attached fur 1 hr and overnight by ${\geq}5.1\;and\;5.0\;log\;CFU/cm^2$, respectively. Gamma irradiation at a dose of 1.0 kGy reduced the counts of P. aeruginosa counts to below the limit of detection ($<2\;log\;CFU/cm^2$). On the contrary, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa cells attached to stainless steel chips were difficult to eliminate using sodium hypochlorite. Four hundred ppm of sodium hypochlorite reduced the counts of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa attached for 1 hr by 2.5 and $3.3\;log\;CFU/cm^2$, respectively.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.33-46
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• 2017

Increasing popularity of smartphone is creating many changes in payment market sector also. The new fin-tech and simple mobile payment service have provided convenience as well as various benefits and value-added services to create new payment culture. However, the infrastructure of offline shops is too poor for users to use the simple mobile payment services in Korea. There are several reasons why the support of simple mobile payment services by offline shops has reached the limit in Korea. They include the reluctance of shop owners due to highly priced devices, the failure of NFC of the leading offline payment infrastructure to support iOS, the services that are biased to the specific manufacturers and smartphones (Samsung Pay and LG Pay), prefer large shops (SSG Pay and L PAY), and focus on online transactions. This study used the Bluetooth technology that is the standard feature built in all smartphone to expand the offline shops that accept the simple mobile payment services ensuring universality and scalability from the convenience of customer's and service provider's aspects. Applying the same payment scene as the existing NFC payment method from the user's aspect and the Bluetooth technology from the service provider's aspect enables support of all smartphones and offering value-added services such as electronic receipt and promotions through the large-capacity bidirectional data transfer. This study is intended to review the simple mobile payment services in Korea and other countries, propose the simple mobile payment service model for Korea by analyzing the Bluetooth technology and preceding studies of payment services using BLE technology, and develop the pilot system using the BLE technology to verify the proposed system with actual shops.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.182-185
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• 2005

본 연구는 식염첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 로인 햄의 품질특성을 평가하고, 제조 가능한 최저식염첨가수준을 결정하고자 실시하였다. 식염첨가량을 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%로 달리하여 염지액을 다침주사로 주입한 로인 햄의 이화학적 및 조직학적 및 관능적 성상을 평가하였고, 고염처리구와 비교하였다. 제조한 로인 햄의 pH, 그리고 수분, 지방, 단백질 함량은 각각 5,8${\sim}$5.9, 66${\sim}$70%, 1${\sim}$l.3%, 21${\sim}$26%였다. 수분함량은 식염 무첨가구가 첨가구에 비하여 유의적으로 낮게 나타났고, 반면에 단백질함량은 식염 무첨가구가 첨가구에 비하여 유의적인 차이를 보이며 높게 나타났다. 색도는 명도에서만 고염 처리구 중 1.5%가 저염 처리구 0.5%이하와 차이를 보였다. 보수력은 식염첨가량에 따른 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았고, 반면에 가열감량은 식염 무첨가구가 0.5%이상의 식염 첨가구에 비해 유의적인 차이를 보이며 높게 나타났다. 조직학적 특성을 평가하기 위해 실시한 allo-kramer 전단력 측정 결과, 식염 무첨가처리구는 0.5${\sim}$1% 식염첨가구에 비하여 높게 나타났으나, 1.5${\sim}$2% 첨가처리구와는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 관능검사 곁과에서 식염 무첨가구는 평가항목 전반에 걸쳐서 좋지 않은 것으로 평가되었으며, 특히 다즙성, 색도, 염도 및 총체적인 항목에서 매우 낮게 평가되어 제품으로서 가치를 상실하였다. 반면에 0.5% 이상의 식염 첨가구는 식염첨가량에 관계없이 유사한 관능적 특성을 보였으며, 2.0%의 고염 처리구는 오히려 염도에서 다른 평가항목보다 낮게 평가되었고, 1.0% 식염 첨가구는 오히려 조직감과 염도에서 매우 좋게 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 제조 가능한 식염첨가최저수준은 0.5%이상임을 보여주었다. 따라서 로인 햄의 제조에 필요로 되는 식염의 첨가량은 0.5${\sim}$1.5% 범위로 평가된다. 차후의 연구로는 저염 로인 햄의 경우 품질의 저하를 보완할 수 있는 기능성 첨가물이나 가공기법이 필요할 것으로 보인다.