• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2002

Ad hoc wireless networks involving large populations of scattered communication nodes will play a key role in the development of low power, high capacity, interactive, multimedia communication networks. Such networks must support arbitrary network connections and provide coverage anywhere and anytime. This paper partitions such arbitrarily connected network architectures into three distinct groups, identifies the associated dual network architectures and counts the number of network architectures assuming there exist N network nodes. Connectivity between network nodes is characterized as a random event. Defining the link availability P as the probability that two arbitrary network nodes in an ad hoc network are directly connected, the network connection probability $ \integral_n$(p) that any two network nodes will be directly or indirectly connected is derived. The network connection probability $ \integral_n$(p) is evaluated and graphically demonstrated as a function of p and N. It is shown that ad hoc wireless networks containing a large number of network nodes possesses the same network connectivity performance as does a fixed network, i.e., for p>0, $lim_{N\to\infty} Integral_n(p)$ = 1. Furthermore, by cooperating with fixed networks, the ad hoc network connection probability is used to derive the global network connection probability for hybrid networks. These probabilities serve to characterize network connectivity performance for users of wireless ad hoc and hybrid networks, e.g., IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 1394-95, ETSI BRAN HIPERLAN, Bluetooth, wireless ATM and the world wide web (WWW).

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.490-493
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• 2014

To protect the students from food poisoning, in this paper, it is proposed that the Smart HACCP system which based with WCDMA-LTE to monitoring the temperature and humidity of a freezer, a heating cabinet and kitchen instruments at the elementary, junior and high school. After gathering the data, It is compared with a standard food poisoning index to provide more safe food reserves from the server. Then the server send a index to the terminal which is installed in a kitchen at any school to show the current environment. It is need an WCDMA-LTE terminal to realize smart HACCP system that is proposed from this paper. So, the proposed WCDMA-LTE terminal is designed with using a LTE modem included a 424 MHz wireless modem and a bluetooth 4.0 modem to communicate with other terminals. It can be use the monitoring system of a plastic greenhouse or remotely environment control system.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.31-40
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• 2017

The rise of eco-friendly personal electric mobility is a worldwide trend and the first Korean-made IT convergence electric skateboard, Youth Board, is developed to lead the trend. Youth Board is remotely controllable using either Youth Wearable Controller or Youth App through Bluetooth v4.0 communication, can speed up to 25 km/hr, and operating time is approximately 1.5 hr. A LED display located in the front side of Youth Board deck shows three different states to a rider for user convenience: remaining battery SOC, current driving speed, and braking amount. Indoor EMC test results between Youth Board and Youth Wearable Controller and outdoor Youth Board driving test results are analyzed. In particular, driving test results show the maximum current output is about 15% lowered compared to the other competitor electric skateboard and it lessens the power burden of the motor ESC. These results show Youth Board's usefulness as a personal mobility in the sense of small, light, and inexpensive aspects.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the position for the most accurate head-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by comparing saddle position CPR (SPCPR) and traditional CPR (TCPR). Methods: Sixty certified persons who completed a basic life support provider course between May 1 and June 21, 2019 were enrolled in the study. The participants were asked to perform 2 minutes of CPR, and the depth of chest compression, rate, position, full release, and hands off time were assessed. Accuracy was evaluated based on data collected from a smart phone application connected to the manikin via bluetooth and analyzed using frequency, percentage, t-test, analysis of variance and ${\chi}^2$. Results: The accuracy of chest compression was statistically significantly higher for SPCPR, 63.03%[${\pm}8.75$] for SPCPR and 55.50%[${\pm}10.17$] for TCPR [t=3.074, p=.003]. The depth of chest compression was statistically significantly greater for SPCPR, 4.51cm[${\pm}0.45$] for SPCPR and 4.16cm[${\pm}0.61$] for TCPR [t=2.503, p=.015]. The rate of chest compression was statistically significantly higher for TCPR, 105/min[${\pm}10.79$] for SPCPR and 111/min[${\pm}11.57$] for TCPR [t=-2.008, p=.049]. Accuracy of position of chest compression was statistically significantly higher for SPCPR, 96.10%[${\pm}13.73$] for SPCPR and 79.93%[${\pm}30.34$] for TCPR [t=2.659, p=.011]. Accuracy of full release was higher with SPCPR, with 86.30%[${\pm}30.53$] for SPCPR and 71.10%[${\pm}36.05$] for TCPR, but the difference was not statistically significant [t=1.762, p=.083]. Conclusion: Saddle position CPR was found to be more accurate than TCPR in the performance of manual head-up CPR.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2017

In this paper, Distance recognition measurement using distance calculation correction algorithm, was realization through LED dimming control. The calculation values for the RSSI average filtering and the RSSI feedback filtering were calculated and applied to reduce the error of the RSSI value measured from a long distance. It was confirmed that the RSSI values through the average filtering and the RSSI values measured by setting the coefficient value of the feedback filtering to 0.5 were ranged from -61 dBm to - 52.5 dBm, which shows irregular and high values decrease slightly as much as about -2 dBm to -6 dBm as compared to general measurements. A distance calculation correction algorithm to improve the accuracy was applied, which confirmed that as the distance increases, the range of errors decreases. In conclusion, unstable signals were corrected using the RSSI measurement result filtering, and the distance calculation correction algorithm was applied and performed to reduce the range of errors. In addition, RGB colors were implemented by LED to indicate the distance determination and the signal stability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.38-45
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• 2016

Separation of particles based on different sizes, detection of pathogenic bacteria and isolation of leukocytes from whole blood are typical applications of spiral or helical microchannels. The present study focuses on developing a CD4+ T-cell counting device for monitoring HIV/AIDS patients with the aid of a helical minichannel used for a sample cartridge. For the experiment, $10{\mu}m$ sized microbeads were used for visualization with a fluorescence imaging system. Alignment of microbeads was investigated in a stationary and spinning sample cartridge filled with glycerol-water mixtures of different densities. The helical minichannel was spun using a DC motor controlled by an Arduino board with a Bluetooth shield. It was found that when the sample cartridge was made stationary, no bead alignment was achieved for a medium with density (0% and 20% glycerol) lower than that of the beads, but when it was spun at 2000-3000 rpm for 1-4 min, an alignment was obtained at the top of the channel facilitating optical detection and enumeration of those microbeads. Since an alignment of microbeads was achieved for a medium with density as that of blood plasma, the same approach can be applied for aligning and counting CD4+ T-lymphocytes in whole blood samples collected from patients.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose energy-efficient automatic power controller which can power on and off the signboard at the specified light intensity using the Illuminance Detector. By using segmented section Classification algorithm, light intensity setup system propose variable resistor method which makes users more easy to control. Automatic light on-off system set a standard by measured illuminance data. Measured light-intensity through the Illuminance Detector are communicated with the signboard power controller with wireless communication, and it controls lighting system. In this paper, we evaluated the Energy-Efficient Automatic Power Controller of The Signboard using illuminance detector. Experimental results in lightless environment shows that the error rate is less than 3% by Accredited Testing Laboratories.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.85-90
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• 2017

Indoor location-based services have been developed based on the Internet of Things technologies which measure and analyze users who are moving in their daily lives. These various indoor positioning technologies require separate hardware and have several disadvantages, such as a communication protocol which becomes complicated. Based on the fact that a reduction in signal strength occurs according to the distance due to the physical characteristics of the transmitted signal, RSSI technology that uses the received signal strength of the wireless signal used in this paper measures the strength of the transmitted signal and the intensity of the attenuated received signal and then calculates the distance between a transmitter and a receiver, which requires no separate costs and makes to implement simple measurements. It was applied calculating the value for the average RSSI and the RSSI filtering feedback. Filtering is used to reduce the error of the RSSI values that are measured at long distance.It was confirmed that the RSSI values through the average filtering and the RSSI values measured by setting the coefficient value of the feedback filtering to 0.5 were ranged from -61 dBm to - 52.5 dBm, which shows irregular and high values decrease slightly as much as about -2 dBm to -6 dBm as compared to general measurements.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2024

This study aimed to compare the acoustic measurements of speech samples recorded from individuals with normal voices using various devices: the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL), a unidirectional wired pin-microphone (WIRED) suitable for smartphones, the built-in omnidirectional microphone (SMART) of smartphones, and Bluetooth-connected wireless earphones, specifically the Galaxy Buds2 Pro (WIRELESS). This study included 40 normal adults (12 males and 28 females) who had not visited an otolaryngologist for respiratory diseases within the past three months. Participants performed sustained vowel /a/ phonation for four seconds and reading tasks with sentences ("Walk") and paragraphs ("Autumn") in a sound-treated booth. Recordings were simultaneously conducted using the four different devices and synchronized based on the CSL-recorded samples for analysis using the MDVP, ADSV, and VOXplot programs. Compared with CSL, the Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID_V, CSID_S) and Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI) values were lower in the WIRED and higher in the SMART. The opposite trend was observed for the L/H spectral ratios (SR_V and SR_S), and the WIRELESS demonstrated task-specific discrepancies. Furthermore, both the fundamental frequency (F0) and the cepstral peak prominence of the vowel samples (CPP_V) had intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values above 0.9, indicating high reliability. These variables, F0 and CPP_V were considered highly reliable for voice recordings across different microphone types. However, caution should be exercised when analyzing and interpreting variables such as the SR, CSID, and AVQI, which may be influenced by the type of microphone used.