• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.142-157
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• 2017

본 연구는 생애주기별 영양지수 중 청소년을 위한 영양지수 (Nutrition Quotient for Adolescents, NQ-A) 모형을 개발하고자 수행되었다. 영양지수 평가항목 선정을 위해 식품섭취영역에서 20개 문항, 식행동 식습관 영역에서 21개 문항의 총 41개 문항으로 구성된 파일럿 조사용 체크리스트를 개발하였다. 청소년 213명을 대상으로 1일의 식사섭취실태 조사를 포함한 파일럿 조사를 수행하고, 체크리스트 항목 점수와 식사섭취실태 관련 변수들 간의 상관관계가 높은 24개의 평가항목으로 구성된 전국단위 조사용 체크리스트를 개발하였다. 전국단위 조사는 시도별 집락별로 층화추출된 중고등학생 1,547명에 대해 구조화된 설문지로 면대면 조사를 수행하였고, 탐색적 요인분석을 수행하여 청소년 영양지수의 평가 항목을 19개 항목의 5개요인으로 분류하고, 구조방정식 모형을 이용해 평가 항목의 구성타당도를 검증하고 추정된 경로계수를 가중치로 적용하였다. 청소년 영양지수를 위한 5개의 요인과 가중치는 각각 균형 0.25, 다양 0.15, 절제 0.25, 환경 0.15, 실천 0.20이었다. 균형 영역에는 과일 섭취 빈도, 흰 우유 섭취 빈도, 콩류 섭취 빈도, 생선 섭취 빈도의 4개 항목이 포함되었고, 다양 영역은 채소 반찬 섭취 빈도, 반찬 골고루 먹는 정도, 편식 정도의 3개 항목, 절제 영역은 과자 또는 달거나 기름진 빵 섭취 빈도, 가공 음료 섭취 빈도, 라면 섭취 빈도, 카페인 음료 섭취 빈도, 야식 섭취 빈도, 길거리 음식 섭취 빈도의 6개 항목, 환경 영역은 아침식사 빈도, 식탁에 앉아서 식사하는 정도, TV 핸드폰 컴퓨터 사용 시간의 3개 항목, 그리고 실천 영역은 영양 표시 확인 정도, 음식 먹기 전 손 씻는 정도, 운동 빈도의 3개 항목이 포함되었다. 전국단위 조사대상자의 영양지수 (NQ-A) 평균 점수는 56.0점이었고, 세부 영역별로는 균형 58.6점, 다양 55.6점, 절제 48.1점, 환경 70.6점, 실천 52.1점이었다. 영양지수 점수와 각 영역별 등급은 전국 조사 결과의 백분위수 분포를 기준으로 75~100 백분위의 경우 '상' 등급, 25 ~ <75 백분위의 경우 '중' 등급, 0 ~ <25 백분위는 '하' 등급으로 분류하였다. 영양지수의 경우 63.1~100점은 '상' 등급, 49.0~63점은 '중' 등급, 0~48.9점은 '하' 등급으로 판정되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 청소년을 위한 영양지수는 19개 항목으로 구성된 식행동 체크리스트를 통해 영양지수 점수와 균형, 다양, 절제, 환경, 실천 영역의 점수를 산출할 수 있으며, 상대적인 NQ 등급 부여를 통해 식사의 질과 식행동이 양호한 지를 판정할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 개발된 청소년용 영양지수 (NQ-A)가 청소년의 식사의 질과 식행동 평가 및 영양교육의 효과 평가 등에 많이 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The objectives of this study were to assess food behavior and nutritional status of preschool children by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children and children's growth index. The subjects for this study were 424, 5-year old children, who enrolled in child-care centers (n = 219) and kindergartens (n = 205) in Nowon-gu, Seoul. The NQ was examined by NQ questionnaire which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. Their items were grouped into 5 categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Children's anthropometric measurements were performed by using InBody J05. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS 9.3 and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test. The rates of overweight and obesity for subjects were 11.1% and 3.3%, respectively. Total NQ score of the subjects was 65.1, which was within medium grade. The NQ score of kindergartens (66.1) was higher than that of child-care center (64.2), showing significant difference by institution type. In addition, the NQ score of obesity was significantly lower than that of normal weight subjects. The scores of balance (p < 0.05) and regularity factor (p < 0.001) were higher in kindergarten compared to child-care center. Particularly, the frequency of consumption of white milk and Ramyeon was higher (p < 0.001) and lower (p < 0.05) respectively in kindergarten compared to child-care center. Frequencies of meal regularity (P < 0.01) and breakfast eating (p < 0.001) were also higher in kindergarten compared to child-care center. These results indicate that kindergarten's children had better eating habits than those of child-care center. Overall analysis of items for food behavior checklists implies that children in Nowon-gu are short of vegetables consumption. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and to improve their nutritional status.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of dental technicians sense of work ethics on their organizational effectiveness such as job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. Methods: A self-administered survey was conducted from August 25 to September 15, 2017, on 220 selected dental technicians. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS Win 19.0. Statistical data on frequency and percentage were obtained, and t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis and regression analysis were carried out. Results: When the subjects' sense of work ethics was analyzed, there were significant differences according to their field of work, position, dental technician career and monthly income(p<.05). Their average score in the items about a sense of work ethics was 3.80, which was a high score. As a result of analyzing the organizational effectiveness of the dental technicians, there were significant differences according to their field of work, position, dental technician career and monthly income(p<.05). The average score in job satisfaction items was 3.14, and that in organizational citizenship behavior items was 3.55. Conclusion : As a result of research, the above-mentioned findings of the study imply that as for the correlation between a sense of work ethics and organizational effectiveness, a better sense of work ethics led to better organizational effectiveness, as every variable had a significant positive correlation with each other. In addition, interpersonal relationships were identified as the factor that exerted the largest influence on both of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.301-310
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• 2021

Background: Trust is a key component for the good relationship between patients and healthcare professionals but trust for community pharmacists has not been studied much. Objectives: This study aimed to measure public trust in community pharmacists and to investigate variables that affect trust level in South Korea. Methods: A total of 25 questions, including 13-items for three dimensions of trust (pharmacists' behavior/attitude, technical competence, communication skills) and 1-item for overall trust were developed. The survey was conducted online and the data from 416 respondents were analyzed with a t-test, an ANOVA and a multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The average scores (mean ± standard deviation) for the three dimensions of trust in community pharmacists were 3.47±1.05 (out of 5 points) for pharmacists' behavior/attitude, 3.67 ± 0.99 for technical competence, and 3.66±0.99 for communication skills. The average of the 13 items incorporating all parameters was 3.56±1.02 and the overall trust level was 7.16±1.62 (out of 10 points). The total sum of the 13 items differed significantly by age group (p=0.02) and frequency of pharmacy visits (p=0.04). Each dimension had an independent impact on the trust level, and pharmacists' behavior/attitude had the greatest impact on trust levels. Conclusions: This study showed that pharmacists' behavior/attitude had the most significant impact on the trust level. However, the level of trust in pharmacists' behavior/attitude is not yet sufficiently satisfactory, and further improvements are required to increase trust in community pharmacists.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.59-76
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• 2008

Studies of recommender systems have focused on improving their performance in terms of error rates between the actual and predicted preference values. Also, many studies have been conducted to investigate the relationships between customer information processing and the characteristics of recommender systems via surveys and web-based experiments. However, the actual impact of recommendation on product pages for customer browsing behavior and decision-making in the commercial environment has not, to the best of our knowledge, been investigated with actual clickstream data. The principal objective of this research is to assess the effects of product recommendation on customer behavior in e-Commerce, using actual clickstream data. For this purpose, we utilized an online bookstore's clickstream data prior to and after the web site renovation of the store. We compared the recommendation effects on customer behavior with the data. From these comparisons, we determined that the relevant recommendations in product pages have positive relationships with the acquisition of customer attention and elaboration. Additionally, the placing of recommended items in shopping cart is positively related to suggesting the relevant recommendations. However, the frequencies at which the recommended items were purchased did not differ prior to and after the renovation of the site.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2001

So far, most of studies on environmentally responsible behaviors were based on the Hines et. al.(1987)'s behavior model which emphasized mainly personal causes of behaviors. This study was planned to investigate whether self-efficacy and conformity toward social norm could be good predictors for environmentally responsible behaviors or not. In the preliminary study, Several scales on environmental problems were made up for measuring the levels of knowledge, attitude, and behavior from usually used items of previous studies. And, some relevant items to self-efficacy scale and conformity toward social norm scale were selected through factor analysis and reliability analysis recursively. In the main study, Knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, conformity toward social norm, and behavior of high school students were measured in urban and rural areas. Results showed that students in urban areas took environmentally responsible behavior more often than ones in rural areas, and there were no differences in attitude and sensitivity but significant differences in self-efficacy and confirmity toward social norm between them. According to regression analysis, self-efficacy was the best predictor for environmentally responsible behaviors, and confirmity toward social norm and knowledge were also good predictors. In conclusion, self-efficacy and confirmity toward social norm are better predictors for environmentally responsible behaviors than attitude.

• 아동학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.111-133
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to develop a parenting behavior scale for parents of school-age children and to analyze the scale in terms of both reliability and validity. Data were collected from a sample of mothers of $1^{st}$ to 3rd grade students in four elementary schools located in Seoul. 778 mothers were administered a parenting behavior scale with 123 items, and 779 mothers were asked to verify the validity of the developed scale in which 45 items remained after a series of analyses. Data were analyzed by means of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis. The results of factor analysis identified five factors, Warmth, Reasoning, Intrusiveness, Coercion, and Neglect. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of each factor demonstrated results of .82~.86, suggesting that the scale had adequate internal consistency. Concurrent validity was established by using correlations between mothers' parenting behaviors and children's social competence. Moreover, cross-validation was also verified for the five factors. Considering the reliability and validity of this scale, it can clearly serve as a useful tool for assessing parenting behavior which is closely related to child development.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

The objectives of this study were to assess food intake frequency and food behavior of infants and toddlers by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ). A total of 368 subjects (infants 111, toddlers 257) in Ganghwa county were analyzed in this study. The NQ was examined using an NQ questionnaire, which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. The items were grouped into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20, and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and $x^2-test$. The BMIs of infants and toddlers were $16.54kg/m^2$ and $16.01kg/m^2$, respectively. The frequencies of consumption of vegetables and fruits were higher (p<0.001) in girls and toddlers compared to boys and infants, respectively. Food behavior of meal regularity (p<0.001), breakfast eating (p<0.001), and chewing well (p<0.001) were also higher in toddlers compared to infants. Total NQ score of infants and toddlers were 62.05 and 64.91, respectively, which were within medium grade. The NQ score of toddlers was higher than that of infants (p<0.0.5). NQ score was positively correlated with parent's education, monthly income, age, and exercise. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and improve their nutritional status.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2000

연구 목적：본 연구는 요인분석을 통하여 한국 청소년의 비행행동 유형을 분류하고, 청소년 비행행동을 조기에 평가하기 위한 측정도구 개발을 위한 연구이다. 방 법：서울 및 지방의 소아·청소년 정신과 외래 방문청소년 4명, 소년원, 분류심사원의 재소청소년 4명과, 중 ${\cdot}$ 고교에 재학중인 학생청소년 4명, 총 12명을 대상으로 실시한 개인면담 내용과 관련문헌 고찰을 근거로 총 31개 문항으로 구성된 예비도구를 작성하였다. 다음 단계로 본 예비도구에 대한 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였는데 도구의 타당도 검증은 전문가집단에 의한 내용타당도와 요인분석을 통한 구성타당도를 검증하였으며, 신뢰도 검증은 검사-재검사 신뢰도, 내적 일관성 정도 및 각 문항과 요인과의 상관계수를 조사하였다. 이상의 검증과정을 통하여 31개 문항이 모두 청소년 비행행동 평가를 위한 최종 도구로 확정되었다. 마지막으로 실제 상황에서의 최종도구의 변별력 정도를 확인하기 위하여 학생청소년군과 비행청소년군총 2,177명을 대상으로 본 도구를 이용한 설문조사를 실시한 후 t 검정을 하였다. 결 과：1) 최종확정된 도구는 총 31개 문항 3개 요인으로 구성되어 있으며 이들 요인들의 총설명변량은 52.2%였다. 또한 31개 문항들은 모두 각 요인에 .40이상의 유의한 적재량을 보였다. 2) 3개요인 중 요인 I 은 반사회적 비행행동으로 명명하였고 총 17개문항으로 구성되어 있으며, 요인 II는 공격적 비행행동으로 총 8개문항, 그리고 요인 III은 정신병질적 비행행동으로 총 6개 문항으로 구성되어 있다. 3) 본 도구의 총 31개 문항의 신뢰도는 Cronbach Coefficient Alpha값이 .952였으며, 각 요인별 신뢰도 는 요인 Ⅰ이 .950, 요인 II가 .866, 그리고 요인 III이 .721이었다. 4) 본 도구의 변별력을 확인하기 위하여 학생청소년군과 비행청소년군을 대상으로 실시한 요인별 차이검정 결과 요인 Ⅰ, 요인 II, 요인 III 및 전체 문항 모두에서 학생청소년군과 비행청소년군간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결 론：1) 본 연구를 통해 개발된 도구를 다른 대상자에게 반복 적용하여 연구함으로써 계속적인 신뢰도와 타당도 검증이 필요하다. 2) 이상적인 도구평가기준은 신뢰도와 타당도 뿐만 아니라 단순성, 효율성, 객관성 등까지도 고려되어져야 한다는 관점에서 볼 때, 본 도구는 지속적인 수정 보완 작업이 필요하며 이 과정을 통하여 보다 완전한 도구가 될 수 있으리라 추론된다. 3) 본 도구를 적용하여 한국청소년의 비행행동 유형이 어떤 것인지를 파악하고 이와 관련된 치료적 접근, 비행가능 청소년에 대한 사전 평가 척도까지도 연구 개발할 수 있다고 본다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.107-131
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• 2022

본 연구는 직장 내 괴롭힘 주변인 행동을 측정하는 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는 것을 목적으로 실시되었다. 이를 위해 직장 내 괴롭힘 관련 선행연구를 참고하여 문항을 개발하고, 친가해행동, 방어행동, 방관행동으로 하위유형을 규정하였다. 전문가를 통한 내용 타당도 확인 후 총 31문항의 예비문항을 구성하였다. 지난 3년간 직장 내 괴롭힘을 직·간접적으로 목격한 민간기업 사무직 직장인 288명의 설문자료로 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 최종문항 26개를 선정하였으며, 이 과정에서 방어행동이 적극적 유형과 지지적 유형 두 가지 구인으로 변별됨이 확인되었다. 지난 1년간 직장 내 괴롭힘을 직·간접적으로 목격한 민간기업 사무직 직장인 518명의 자료로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하고 개발된 척도의 타당성과 신뢰성을 확인하였다. 하위유형의 재확인을 위해 경쟁모형 비교를 실시한 결과 적극적 방어행동과 지지적 방어행동이 변별됨이 재차 확인되었다. 직장 내 괴롭힘 가해행동, 조직 내 이타적 행동, 친 사회적 행동, 개입에의 공포, 도덕적 이탈, 죄책감, 도덕적 정체성의 준거변인을 설정하여 모든 하위유형의 준거 관련 타당도를 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 직장 내 괴롭힘 주변인 행동과 관련된 후속 연구 과제와 직장 내 괴롭힘 예방 및 개입에 있어 주변인 행동을 활용할 방안에 대해 논의하였다.