• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2001

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is common and may produce various symptoms and serious complications. A substantial number of research articles on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome have been published in Korea. However, we found such limitations as lack of sufficient sample size and lack of polysomnography-proven cases. Therefore, we aimed at studying clinical features and sleep structure in a sufficient number of Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome diagnostically confirmed with polysomnography. Methods: We studied 801 subjects referred to the Division of Sleep Studies, Seoul National University Hospital, who were diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with polysomnography. Subjects were excluded if they had central sleep apnea syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, narcolepsy or REM sleep behavior disorder. Foreign patients were also excluded. First of all, we studied the clinical features of the subjects. Secondly, we compared sleep-related parameters of the study subjects with those of age/sex-matched normal values. Thirdly, correlations of respiratory disturbance index (RDI) with each of the sleep-related parameters were calculated. Results: Among the 801 subjects, 668 were male subjects (83.4%) and 133 female subjects (16.4%). Their mean age was 46.6 years (${\pm}13.5$). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.8 (${\pm}3.8$) and subjects with BMI was over 28.0 accounted for 22.8% of the total. Fifty subjects (6.2%) were found to take benzodiazepines. Mean RDI and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation of all subjects was 31.2 (${\pm}24.4$) and 94.5% (${\pm}3.6$), respectively. In comparison with normal values, the subjects showed longer sleep latency, lower sleep efficiency, decreased total slow wave sleep % (TSWS %), and decreased total REM sleep % (TREM %)(p<0.01 in all). RDI had a negative correlation with each TSWS % and TREM % (p<0.01, p<0.01). However, RDI did not have significant correlation with either sleep latency or sleep efficiency. Conclusion: In this study, 6.2% of patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were found to take benzodiazepines, although they are generally considered to be of litte benefit or even dangerous because of the respiratory suppressing effect. The proportion of obese subjects was only 22.8% and Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome seem to be less obese than those described in foreign journals. This study also suggests that the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may have a more significant effect on sleep architecture defined as TSWS % and TREM % than on sleep efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 1998

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome(NMS) is an acute, potentially fatal, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medication. Early recognition and intensive care are crucial. An important issue is whether NMS will recur after initial recovery and subsequent use of neuroleptic medication. The authors presented with a male adolescent who had suffered a bipolar disorder manic episode and been taking clozapine after recovering from MNS. He had been admitted into a psychiatric ward once before and similarly diagnosed. On the second admission, he showed muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, mild fever, severe diaphoresis, and altered mental status on the fourth hospital day following a haloperidol injection. He was diagnosed with NMS, according to the clinical signs and laboratory data. After the use of antipsychotics was discontinued, he was moved to intensive care unit and given dantrolene. His condition began to improve about 48 hours after the onset of NMS. Due to manic behavior, he returned to the psychiatric ward. On the 21 st hospital day, clozapine was administered to counter the manic symptoms. The final dose was 350mg and showed good remission signs without further recurrence of NMS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to establish the basic data for the management of the elderly patients aged more than 60 suffering from musculoskeletal disorders in geriatric hospitals. From January, 1 2012 to December 31, 2012, 2,500 patients who were taken the x-ray inspection and were analyzed x-ray order 5,042 cases above spines, upper lower extremities and joints. The elderly age was divided into 3 groups according to Brody elderly statistics. The majority of elderly patients who visited the hospital are exposed to spinal disorders and joint diseases. Shoulder, knee, L-spine examination cases had accounted for more than half the number of total. By age group, the number of the first quarter was most dominant commonly. Second and third quarter was maintaining slightly decrease. The fourth quarter had reduced compared to the first quarter. If the visiting purposes and the disease causes analysis and preventive measures are taken in a study, it is expected to utilize as basic data to make a plan of the education for preventing diseases and elderly behavior planning for geriatric hospitals and to redistribute health care resources of the rural areas efficiently.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1437-1454
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• 2000

This study was designed to identify the attitudes of the people on organ donation and transplantation. The purpose of this study was to provide data to help inspire organ donation, and promote registration yield so donor candidates will have more favorable recipients through Q-methodology. A Q-sample was developed through a review of the literature and interviews. Thirty-three statements made up the final Q-sample. The P-sample consisted of twenty-eight subjects, excluding chronic organic disorder. The Q-sorts by each subject were coded and analyzed with the QUNAL computer program. The results were as follows: This study discovered five different types of organ donation and transplantation of twenty- eight subjects. Type I is 'utilitarian.' The people of this type consider human life very valuable and they recognize that organ transplantation is an affirmative medicine that should be performed to extend human life. They believe that are saving others' lives by donating organs. Type II is 'sardonist.' The people of this type approve of organ transplantation usefulness, but they have no intention of participating in the program because of it may trample on human rights. Type III is 'individualist.' The people of this type consider it proper for the activation of organ transplantation by the legal system. They believe that organ donation a valuable too, but needs support through social benefits to donors. Yet, they have not intention of doing what they propose. Type IV is 'familist.' The people of this type have strong attachments to life but they think that organ donation and transplantation should be done between within a family. Type IV is disposition of family intensive consideration rather than altruistic and utilitarianism. Type V is 'deontologist.' The people of this type recognize the benefits of transplantation, but have a negative opinion of activation. They worry about ethical and social problems occurring in the development of modern medicine. They believe that death is the only natural end to life, so they have strong negative opinions of euthanasia and brain death compared to other types. They regard transplantation to be a non-human behavior, because it involves a removing organs and breaking the boundary of death. The findings of this study are only preliminary and serve as a baseline to understanding the subjectivity of individuals on organ donation and transplantation. Therefore, the subjectivity of the five types will be applied to formulate the educational programs and public relations strategies for organ donation because the public's awareness toward organ donation is closely related to their values, beliefs, and attitudes.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2011

Objectives: Alcohol problems of parents have an influence on not only their psychological problems but also on their children's psychosocial adaptation. The purpose of this study was to compare the emotional and behavioral problems, including school bullying and social skills, between children of alcoholics (COAs) and children of non-alcoholics (non-COAs). Methods: We recruited $4^{th}$ grade children (n=741) from 7 primary schools in Seoul and their parents as subjects. The self-rated psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Korean version of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST-K), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (RSES), the School Bullying Scale, the Social Skill Rating Scale and the Korean version of Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent (AEQ-A). The Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ARS) was completed by the parents. Results: 518 children were non-COAs and 223 were COAs. The COAs showed higher CDI and ARS-IV scores and lower RSES scores than the non-COAs. Especially, the COAs also showed higher school bullying scale scores and lower cooperative scale scores on the social skill rating scales. But there was no difference of alcohol expectancy between the COAs and non-COAs. Conclusion: It was plausible that the COAs had more behavioral & psychosocial problems than the non-COAs among the school aged children. It is important to identify and intervene to solve the problems of peer relationships of school age COAs in order to prevent victimization by bullying and to improve psychosocial adaptation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2015

Purpose : This study aimed to critically analyze published research papers in Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration and to investigate the research field and trends. Methods : Types of studies, research trends, levels of evidence, participants, funding sources and research areas were analyzed and described by using 97 selected studies published between 2003 and 2014. Results : Every 5 years, the most frequent type of study was experimental research. The numbers of experimental studies and review studies have been increasing. The most frequent level of evidence was one group non-randomized study, followed by case reports. The highest percentage of participants were children with disability and the most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorder, developmental delay and intellectual disabilities. Most of the participants was elementary school students and the most frequent sample size was below 10. The percentage of research grant from Korean Academy of Sensory Integration has been over 50% since 2008. The research areas focusing on the standardized assessments were mostly sensory modulation, interaction and development and the non-standardized assessments were behavior observation and clinical observation. Conclusion : Higher level of studies and comprehensive research methods will be needed. The standardized assessment tools with the high sensibility on sensory integration which developed in the domestic need to be developed. Thus, it will be able to contribute to the evidence based practice in occupational therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2010

Objective : Multisensory integration (MSI) is the essential process to use diverse sensory information for cognitive task or execution of motor action. Especially, visual and somatosensory integration is critical for motor behavior and coordination. This study was designed to explain spatial and temporal characteristics of visual and somatosensory integration by neurophysiological research method that identifies the time course and brain location of the SI process. Methods : Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) is used in this study in order to observe neural activities when integrating visual and tactile input. We calculate the linear summation (SUM) of visual-related potentials (VEPs) and somatosensory-related potentials (SEPs), and compared the SUM with simultaneously presented visual-tactile ERPs(SIM) Results : There were significant differences between the SIM and SUM in later time epochs (about 200-300ms) at contralateral somatosensory areas (C4) and occipital cortices (O1&O2). The amplitude of the SIM was mathematically larger than the summed signals, implying that the integration made some extra neural activities. Conclusion : This study provides some empirical neural evidence of that multisensory integration is more powerful than just combing two unisensory inputs in the brain and ERP data reveals neural signature relating to multisensory integrative process. Since this study is preliminary pilot study, larger population and criteria are needed for level of the significance. Further study is recommended to consider issues including effect of internally-driven attention and laterality of interaction to make the evidence by this study solid.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.615-621
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• 2000

A social phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme fear and phobic avoidance of social and performance situations. Medications or cognitive-behavior methods have been mainly used in treating it. These methods have some shortcomings such as being inefficient and difficult to apply to treatment. Lately the virtual rcality technology has been applied to dcal with the anxiety disorders in order to compcnsate for these defects. A virtual environment provides a patient with stimuli which cvokes a phobia. and the patient's exposure to the virtual phobic situation make him be able to overcome it. In this study, we suggested the public speaking simulator based on a personal computer for the treatment of social phobia. The public speaking simulator was composed of a position sensor. head mount display and audio system. And a virtual environment for the treatment was suggested to be a seminar room where 8 avatars are sitting. The virtual environment includes a tracking system the trace a participant's head-movement using a HMD with position sensor and 3D sound is added to the virtual environment so that he might fcel it realistic. We also made avatars' motion and facial expression change in reaction to a participant's speech. The goal of developing public speaking simulator is to apply to treat fear of public speaking efficiently and economically. In a future study. we should get more information about immergence and treatment efficiency by clinical test and apply it to this simulator.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.182-193
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to evaluate correlation of adolescent eating attitude and psychological factors which might influence the eating attitude such as depression, aggression and impulsiveness. The author also tried to identify relationship between adolescent eating attitude and biological factors such as serum cholesterol level and triglyceride level. Two hundred and forty one female high school students without physical disorder were selected as study subjects. For the study, Eating Attitude Test-26KA (EAT -26KA), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) -Korean version, Barrat Impulsiveness scale (BIS) -Korean version, and Buss-DurKee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) -Korean version were used. Serum cholesterol level and triglyceride level were also investigated. For the purpose of identifying factors which could influence eating attitude of adolescence, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was done. Total score of BDHI could be most significant factor to explain eating attitude, and BDI, serum cholesterol/triglyceride level be second, third position respectively. But, BIS was not significant predicting parameter. The contributing portion of these factors to explain eating behavior was 25.9%.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.70-82
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• 1997

Objective：This study was performed to identify and understand the characteristics of adolescents who had a history of police arrest and/or were adjudicated unruly/delinquent by the juvenile court. Method：The study employed a retrospective reivew of coumputer-recorded data set on 210 consecutive admissions to an adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit. Three groups(No Police Contact, N=115；Police Contact Only, N=60；Adjudicated, N=35) were compared on the areas of a) cognitive and educational performance b) emotion：anxiety, depression, suicidality c) personality d) family and life experiences. Standardized assessments were administered to all subjects using WISC-Ⅲ, Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory, Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, Revised-Chilren’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Suicide Ideation Questionnarie, Suicide Behavior Interive, Life Events Checklist, and Family Environmental Scale. A subgroup of the subjects, 60 cases also received a standardized interview by Child Assessment Schedule. Results：The characteristic findings of the delinquent group(the police contact only and adjudicated subjects combined) included (1) a high rate of adoption, sexual promiscuity, out of home placement, and repeated psychiatric hospitalization, (2) low verbal IQ scores and educational achievements, (3) high impulsivity, low social conformity, and high forcefulness in personality inventory, (4) low activityrecreation orientation and low moral religious emphasis in family environment, (5)a high frequency of adverse life experiences, (6) among 3 groups, the Police Contact Only group showed the lowest depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation scores, (7) a high diagnostic frequency of conduct disorder, ODD, and ADHD. Conclusions：The adolescent psychiatric inpatients with a delinquent history presented with a certain clinical, family, psychometric characteristics that warrant specific clinical intervention strategies for their cognitive deficits, an impulsive personality style, family dysfunction with adverse life experiences and disruptive behavioral disorders, different from the rest of adolescent psychiatric inpatients.