• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2001

Objectives: An Increased level of psychophysiologic arousal and diminished physiologic flexibility would be observed in patients with panic disorder compared with a normal control group. We investigated the differences of psychophysiologic response between patients with panic disorder and normal control to examine this hypothesis. Methods: Ten Korean patients with panic disorder who met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV were compared with 10 normal healthy subjects. In psychological assessment, levels of anxiety and depression were evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory and Hamilton Rating Scale For Anxiety and Depression. Heart rate, respiration rate, electrodermal response, and electromyographic activity were measured by biofeedback system (J & J I-330 model) to determine psychophysiologic responses on autonomic nervous system. Stressful tasks included mental arithmetic, video game, hyperventilation, and talking about a stressful event. Psychophysiologic responses were measured according to the following procedures : baseline(3 min)-mental arithmetic (3 min)-rest (3 min)-video game (3 min)-rest (3 min)-hyperventilation (3 min)-rest (3 min)-talking about a stressful event (3 min). Results: The baseline level of anxiety and depression, electrodermal response (p=.017), electromyographic activity (p=.047) and heart rate (p=.049) of patients with panic disorder were significantly higher than those of the normal subject group. In electrodermal response, patient group had significantly higher startle response than the control group during hyperventilation (p=.001). Startle and recovery responses of heart rate in the patient group were significantly lower than responses in the control group during mental arithmetic (p=.007, p=.002). In electrodermal response of the patient group, startle response was significantly higher than recovery response during mental arithmetic (p=.000) and video game task (p=.021). Recovery response was significantly higher than startle response in respiratory response during hyperventilation. Conclusion: The results showed that patients with panic disorder had higher autonomic arousal than the control group, but the physiologic flexibility was variable. We suggest that it is helpful for treatment of panic disorder to decrease the level of autonomic arousal and to recover the physiologic flexibility in certain stressful event.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2017

Physiological responses have been measured to recognize emotion. Although physiological responses have been interrelated between organs, their connectivities have been less considered for emotion recognizing. The connectivities have been assumed to enhance emotion recognition. Specially, autonomic nervous system is physiologically modulated by the interrelated functioning. Therefore, this study has been tried to analyze connectivities between heart and respiration and to find the significantly connected variables for emotion recognition. The eighteen subjects(10 male, age $24.72{\pm}2.47$) participated in the experiment. The participants were asked to listen to predetermined sound stimuli (arousal, relaxation, negative, positive) for evoking emotion. The bio-signals of heart and respiration were measured according to sound stimuli. HRV (heart rate variability) and BRV (breathing rate variability) spectrum were obtained from spectrum analysis of ECG (electrocardiogram) and RSP (respiration). The synchronization of HRV and BRV spectrum was analyzed according to each emotion. Statistical significance of relationship between them was tested by one-way ANOVA. There were significant relation of synchronization between HRV and BRV spectrum (synchronization of HF: F(3, 68) = 3.605, p = 0.018, ${\eta}^2_p=0.1372$, synchronization of LF: F(3, 68) = 5.075, p = 0.003, ${\eta}^2_p=0.1823$). HF difference of synchronization between ECG and RSP has been able to classify arousal from relaxation (p = 0.008, d = 1.4274) and LF's has negative from positive (p = 0.002, d = 1.7377). Therefore, it was confirmed that the heart and respiration to recognize the dimensional emotion by connectivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of music intervention upon lighting on stress. Method : The participants 60 college students, were divided three groups. Two groups were apply each music and bright lighting(bright lighting groups) and music and dark lighting(dark lighting groups) during 13minutes at Snozelen and the other group was control group. Each groups were assessed stress resistance, activity of parasympathetic nerve, activity of sympathetic nerve, balance of ANS, physical arousal by EKG of CANS 3000, at before and after other each intervention. The analyses were performed using version of SPSS 17. Result : The change rate of bright lighting group was showed statistically significant decrease in stress resistance compared to control group. And the change rate of dark lighting group was showed statistically significant decrease in resistance stress, activity of parasympathetic nerve, and balance of ANS compared to control group and statistically significant increase in stress resistance and activity of parasympathetic nerve compared to bright lighting group. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that music intervention on dark lighting is more effective on decrease of stress than application of bright lighting and general lighting.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2003

The one of the most important factors is the platoon design on developing AH3(Advanced Highway System), as it is related to traffic efficiency and drivers' safety. This study was evaluated that how much speed is comfortable for drivers and how long distance is appropriate for vehicular gap of platoon by measuring drivers' physiology signal and sensibility. A fixed-based AHS simulator was developed by using a real vehicle cockpit and the restructured part of Korean highway for human factors evaluation. The EEG(electroencephalogram), ECG (electrocardiogram) and GSR(Galvanic Skin Response) were measured for obtaining drivers' physiology signal according to the change of speed and gap. The brain wave(${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\delta},\;{\theta}$) by EEG, the response of the autonomic nervous system. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, by ECG, and relax-arousal situation by GSR were analyzed. The SD(Semantic Differential) method was also applied to evaluate drivers' sensibility by 5-grade evaluation scale with 96 adjectives. SSQ(Simulator Sickness Questionnaire) was used to measure the simulator sickness of pre and post driving, two times. As the results, drivers were comfortable with 120km/h speed of platoon and lam to 15m vehicular distance. The results of this study may differ from the adaption of the reality because of many parameters. However, the purpose of this study is show to significant results of the drivers' safety and the acceptability of human factors evaluation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2019

Anger is the most common emotional trigger causing relapses in individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The present study intended to investigate the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses induced by anger in individuals with AUDs. The participants in this study included twelve individuals with AUDs and 14 non-frequent drinkers. Anger was induced in the participants via a 120-second film clip. Before the presentation of this audio-visual stimulus, the ANS responses of the participants were measured for 60 seconds to ascertain their resting state. Subsequently, the participants' ANS responses were measured again for 120 seconds when they were in an emotional state during the presentation of the clip. After the ANS measurements were taken, participants were asked to rate the type of emotion they had experienced as they viewed the film and to report its intensity. The results indicated that the levels of anger experienced by the AUD group were not significantly different from the emotion registered by the control group. However, the ANS responses induced in AUD participants when they were in an emotional state showed blunted skin conductance levels (SCL) and skin conductance responses (SCR) compared to the control group participants. Individuals with AUDs evinced lower emotional arousal than the participants of the control group. These results can help clinicians understand the psychological and physiological responses of individuals with AUDs to anger in order to design effective interventions that would reduce chances of anger and relapse.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2000

Objectives: Periodic limb movements in sleep(PLMS) is a moderately prevalent disorder, of which pathophysiology remains largely unknown. PLMS has been reported to be common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS), but reports on their relationship have been inconsistent in previous studies. Inconsistency of results may be attributable to insufficient number of the study subjects. We attempted to explore the influence of OSAS on PLMS in a large number of subjects. Methods: Three hundred and twenty subjects(M : F=192:128) with PLMS, as identified by the nocturnal polysomnography, were studied. Sample mean age was 53.1(SD=15.1) years and their mean periodic limb movement index(PLMI) is 25.2/hr (SD=24.8). PLMS subjects were divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of OSAS. Periodic limb movement indices and sleep parameters between two groups were analyzed to evaluate the effects of OSAS on PLMS. Results: Each of PLMI and PLMI with arousal(PLMAI) correlated positively with age. PLMI of men was larger than that of women (p<0.01). The presence of comorbid OSAS independently had influence on PLMI(t=-2.20, p<0.05), but not PLMAI. There were no significant differences between the two groups in their PLMI, PLMAI and sleep parameters. However, the two groups differed in PLMI-correlated sleep parameters. In PLMS subjects with comorbid OSAS, PLMI was negatively correlated with each of slow wave sleep time and REM sleep time. In subjects without comorbid OSAS, PLMI was negatively correlated with sleep efficiency. Conclusion: PLMS patients with OSAS turned out to have increased PLMI than those without OSAS We suggest that OSAS patients may have subtle autonomic arousals and these arousals could, in part, express themselves as PLM.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.51-57
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to measure and compare driver's psychophysiological responses in different driving conditions through driving simulator. Twelve male adults(more than 1 year of driving experience) were assigned to four different driving conditions, such as normal speed(70㎞/h), sudden start(0㎞/h→70㎞/h), and sudden stop(70㎞/h→0㎞/h), and their simulator sickness, subjective pleasantness and arousal, EEG, ECG, skin temperature, and GSR were measured. Subjective and physiological evaluations were executed before and after driving in each condition. The results showed that subjective pleasantness and arousal increased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, relative to stop and normal speed conditions. As the central nervous responses, beta wave increased and alpha wave decreased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, relative to stop and normal speed conditions. With regard to the autonomic responses, heart rate and GSR increased, while skin temperature decreased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, which means an activation of sympathetic nervous system. The results suggested that based upon observation of the distinctive psychophysiological changes by driving conditions, it is possible to evaluate the human sensibility in dynamic environment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.126-135
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• 2007

This study was conducted to identify the effects of the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise on the brain power, HRV, pulsation, live blood condition among young boys and girls. The study was performed with two group(control group and experimental group) in a pre-test/post-test design. The subjects were 44 young boys and girls selected by a some middle school in Busan. The oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program consists of 80-minute sessions three times a week over 5 months. All of the subjects were examined on the congnition assessment tool, stress assessment tool, oriental medicine pulsation 3-D MAC, live blood condition analyzer Prior and post surveys were measured before and after the experiment. In the cognition assessment, the amplitude of ERS were increased afer Qigong Exercise. The Success and the Concentration were significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise, the Error was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. The Cognition strength was significantly increased, but the Reponse time was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. And the Workload was not significantly decreased, the Total Score was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Among the stress assessment, RRV tachogram's ‘mean RR’ was significantly increased, ‘mean HRV’ was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. SDNN was not significantly increased, Complexity was not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. And TP(RRV power's total power) was not significantly increased, VLF and HF was significantly increased, and LF was significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. ANS's norm LF was not significantly decreased, but norm HF was significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. In the RRV's Phase Plot, RMSSD and SDSD were not significantly increased, pnn50 was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. On the whole, Parasympathetic Activity and Stress Endurance were significantly increased, but Cardiac Activity and Physical Arousal were not significantly increased afer Qigong Exercise. Cardiac Aging was not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. Sympathetic Activity, Autonomic Nervous System Balance and Heart-load were not significantly decreased afer Qigong Exercise. In the pulsation, press power was increased(15%), and w/t(pressurization time / pulsation time) was decreased(20%) afer Oigong Exercise. And the live blood condition was not changed afer Qigong Exercise. As mentioned above; the oriental medicine Qigong Exercise program was identified the effects of the inspiration of the brain power, heart rate and anti-stress.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influences of Autonomic Nervous System and EEG by conducting Reinforcement-Reduction(補瀉) acupuncture stimulation to compare the changes in acupoints on the body before and after treatment of acupuncture at Xingjian(LR2) being referred as Fire-point(火穴) and Ququan(LR8) being referred as Water-point(水穴) of Yin Liver Meridian(足厥陰肝經). Methods : This study was carried out on 30 healthy female volunteers in their 20's. There were four tests conducted throughout and the period for each test was between 2 to 5days. HRV and EEG were measured for 5 minutes before acupuncture stimulation was conducted on LR2-Reinforcement, LR2-Reduction, LR8-Reinforcement and LR8-Reduction at random. During the 20 minutes of acupuncture treatment, same subjects were measured simultaneously to observe any significant changes in acupoints. Again, the same subjects were measured for 5 minutes after removing the acupuncture in order to perform a comparative analysis. Results : The measurement of HRV showed that LF, LFnorm and LF/HF ratio increased significantly(p<0.05) while HF, HF norm decreased significantly in case of LR2-Reinforcement & LR8-Reduction. Both LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement induced a significant increase in HFnorm. EEG measurement indicated low $\alpha$ wave decreased and high $\beta$ wave increased significantly at LR2-Reinforcement during post-acupuncture period compared with acupuncture stimulation period. Both LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement developed significantly low $\alpha$ wave and high $\alpha$ wave. High $\beta$ wave increased significantly at LR8-Reduction during the acupuncture stimulation in comparison with pre-acupuncture period. Conclusions : The manipulation of acupuncture stimulation at LR2-Reinforcement and LR8-Reduction enhanced the activity of sympathetic nerves and the state of arousal while that of para sympathetic nerves declined. On the other hand, LR2-Reduction and LR8-Reinforcement developed the levels of para sympathetic nerves and relaxation.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.731-740
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• 2002

This study was designed to identify premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and to investigate the correlation between premenstrual syndrome and nutritional intakes. The subjects of this study were 138 college women residing in Busan Metropolitan City. The subjects were asked to complete Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire (MDQ) regarding PMS, food intake frequencies and nutritional intake. We studied the correlation between PMS symptoms and nutritional intake. The average height and weight of anemic subjects were 161.42 $\pm$ 3.50 cm and 51.87 $\pm$ 5.42 kg. The average BMI (body mass index, kg/$m^2$) was 19.92 $\pm$ 2.14 and PIBW (percent ideal body weight) were 93.02 $\pm$ 9.75%. Except for phosphorous, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes, the intake levels of all other nutrients were below the Korean RDA. The average calorie intake of the subjects was 1645.65 $\pm$ 352.63 kcal (82.2% of the Korean RDA) and iron intake of the subject was 11.06 $\pm$4.03 mg (69.1% of the Korean RDA) . The calcium and vitamin $B_6$ intakes were 512.26 $\pm$ 183.12 mg (73.1% of the Korean RDA) and 1.12 $\pm$ 0.14 mg (80.0% of the Korean RDA), respectively. With regard to their menstrual state, 45.9% subjects responded that their menstrual cycles were irregular. The frequency of PMS of the subjects was 30.2% (over 3 points) on 5 point scale (1 : no. 5 severe). The common symptoms of PMS of the subjects were pain (2.32 $\pm$ 1.01), negative effects (2.27 $\pm$ 0.87), behavioral changes (2.26 $\pm$ 0.85), water retention (2.07 $\pm$ 0.78) , arousal (1.79 $\pm$ 0.84) , autonomic reactions (1.77 $\pm$ 0.87) , lack of control (1.69 $\pm$ 0.75) and decreased concentration (1.68 $\pm$ 0.75) . There was significant correlation between all the PMS symptoms and calcium (p ＜ 0.01) , vitamin E (p ＜ 0.05) , carbohydrate (p ＜ 0.05) . This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of nutrient deficiency states especially calcium. Therefore we concluded that calcium supplementation is likely to be of benefit in relieving PMS symptoms.