• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 2011

The hawthorn fruit (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider) is used as a traditional medicine in Korea. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of the water fractionated portion of hawthorn fruit on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cellular model. The level of nitric oxide (NO) production in the water fraction and LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells were determined with an ELISA. The cytotoxicity of the water fraction and LPS was measured with an MTT assay. Expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin $1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) mRNA were analyzed with a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The water fraction of hawthorn fruit was determined to be safe and significantly inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and suppressed COX-2, (TNF)-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 expression. The observed anti-inflammatory effects of the water fraction of hawthorn fruit might be attributed to the down-regulation of COX-2, (TNF)-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 2013

This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of oyster shell extract on the production of pro-inflammatory factors [NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2)] and pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TNF-${\alpha}$] in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Cell viability, as measured by the MTT assay, showed that oyster shell extract had no significant cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cells. The treatment with oyster shell extract decreased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species dose dependently and increased antioxidant enzyme activities, such as SOD, catalase, GSH-px in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Oyster shell extract significantly suppressed the production of NO and also decreased the expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-${\kappa}B$. Additionally, oyster shell extract significantly inhibited the production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Thus, these results showed that the oyster shell extract had an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.34-47
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to examine anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium water extract (CRE). Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was tested with RAW 264.7 cells. To investigate anti-inflammatory effect of CRE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell, we measured nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). In addition, mitrogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were examined by western blotting in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. Results: In cytotoxicity analysis, CRE does not affect cell cytotoxicity. As compared with the control group, the expression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 were significantly decreased, and IL-10 was significantly increased in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. As a result of Western blotting, there was concentration-dependent inhibition of pp38, pERK in MAPK pathway and significant reduction of pp65 in the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions: CRE might have anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced macrophages by promoting the production of IL-10.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제25권12호
• /
• pp.1377-1383
• /
• 2015

Scopoletin은 Erycibe obtusifolia, Aster tataricus, Foeniculum vulgare 그리고 Brunfelsia grandiflora라는 식물들에서 발견된 성분이다. 이것은 신 혈관형성 억제와 항알러지 효과를 가지고 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 대식세포인 Raw264.7 cells 에서 scopoletin의 항염증 효과에 대하여 조사되었다. 먼저 Scopoletin이 LPS로 염증이 유도된 Raw264.7 cells에서 nitric oxide (NO) 생성과 식균작용(phagocytosis)에 대하여 어떠한 효과가 있는지 평가하였다. Scopoletin은 NO생성과 식균작용을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 NO와 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)의 생성과 관련된 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 COX-2의 단백질 발현을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 염증성 cytokine인 interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) 그리고 TNF-α의 발현을 조사 하였는데, IL-1β and IL-6의 발현은 scopoletin의 처리에 의해 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)는 scopoletin을 8 hr 처리하였을 때 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 scopoletin이 iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α 또한 phagocytosis 그리고 NO생성을 감소시켜 항염증 효능을 나타내어, 향후에 항염증제로서 활용의 잠재성이 있다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제65권1호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2022

Biorenovation은 미생물의 효소적 기능을 이용하여 천연 추출물과 같은 소재를 생물전환하는 기법으로 생리활성이 증진되거나 세포독성을 감소시키는 효능이 보고되었다. 이에 본 연구는 천연소재의 생리활성을 증진하고 가치를 향상시키고자 biorenovation 기법을 적용하여 고란초 전엽체 추출물(CH)을 생물전환하였고, LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포를 사용하여 항 염증 활성을 평가하였다. 세포 사멸을 보이지 않는 50-200 ㎍/mL 농도에서 CH와 생물 전환 추출물(CHB)의 Inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)의 발현량 및 전 염증성 사이토카인의 생성량을 조사한 결과, CHB는 CH보다 산화질소, prostaglandin E₂ 및 사이토카인(interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α)의 생성을 억제하였으며, 특히 CHB는 200 ㎍/mL 농도에서 LPS 자극에 의한 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질의 발현을 무 처리군과 유사한 수준으로 억제하였다. 이러한 결과는 biorenovation 생물 전환을 통해서 기존 식물 추출물의 항염증 활성이 증진될 가능성을 나타내며, CHB가 효과적인 항염증 소재로서 화장품 및 건강기능식품에 적용될 가능성을 시사한다.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the various effects of individual or combined extract of GamiSaengmaeksan (GSS) on cell viability, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activityMethods : In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay was performed. We investigated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 and interleukin (IL)-1β, and nitric oxide(NO) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells to check the effects on anti-inflammatory activity. The level of NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was measured by using Griess reagent. The levels of cytokines and ROS were measured by Luminex and Flow cytometry, respectively.Results : At concentration of 200 ㎍/㎖ GSS, cytotoxicity was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. However, at concentration less than 100 ㎍/㎖ of both combine and individual GSS, cytotoxicity was not observed in Raw 264.7 cells. However, the level of ROS in RAW 264.7 cells were decreased at both extract of 100 ㎍/㎖ GSS. Also, the level of NO in RAW 264.7 cells were decreased from extraction of concentration of 100 ug/ml in GSS and individual-extraction of Liriopis Tuber, White Ginseng and Glycyrrhizae Radix. In addition, productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were decreased from extraction of concentration of 10 and 100 (㎍/㎖) in GSS and individual-extraction of Liriopis Tuber.Conclusions : It is concluded that combined extract of GSS appears to be more effective in anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effect than those in individual-extraction of GSS. These results may be developed as a raw material for new therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with inflammatory and oxidative stress.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제17권9호
• /
• pp.1491-1497
• /
• 2007

Arginine deiminase (ADI, E.C. 3.5.3.6), one of the arginine deprivation enzymes, exhibits anticarcinogenic activities. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of the purified recombinant ADI originating from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC7962 (LADI). LADI dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and subsequent production of prostaglandin $E_2$ by LPS was also attenuated by LADI treatment. Moreover, LADI inhibited the production of interleukin-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results indicate that LADI exerts anti-inflammatory effects, which may in part explain its chemopreventive potential.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제63권2호
• /
• pp.117-123
• /
• 2020

We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of the peel extract of the newly bred Korean apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivar Green ball. To test its possible use as anti-inflammatory functional material, Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of Green ball apple peel ethanol extract (GBE). Notably, up to 500 ㎍/mL of GBE did not result in any signs of inhibition on cellular metabolic activity or cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Supplementation with GBE to LPS-treated Raw 264.7 macrophage significantly suppressed various pro-inflammatory responses in a dose-dependent manner, including i) nitric oxide (NO) production, ii) accumulation of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, iii) phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65, and iv) expression of pro-inflammatory biomarker genes, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and prostaglandin E synthase 2.

• 산업식품공학
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.337-343
• /
• 2018

커피는 전 세계적으로 가장 널리 음용되는 음료 중에 하나로, 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 나타내는 카페인, 클로로겐산, 카페스톨, 트리고넬린, 카와웰 등의 물질을 함유하고 있다. Lactobacillus plantarum은 식물성 식품의 발효에 가장 흔하게 사용되는 유산균으로, 식물에 풍부하게 함유되어 있는 페놀 화합물을 분해하여 고부가 가치의 항산화제 및 방향 성분을 생산한다. 본 연구에서는 L. plantarum을 이용한 발효커피를 제조하여 RAW264.7 대식세포에 대한 면역 조절 효과를 조사하였다. 커피 발효에는 에티오피아 예가체프(Ethiopia Yirgacheffe)와 과테말라 안티구아(Guatemala Antigua) 2종의 원두가 사용되었으며, Y2와 A2는 2%의 포도당, Y5와 A5는 5%의 포도당, 그리고 Y10과 A10은 10%의 포도당이 발효를 위해 첨가되었다. lipopolysaccharide에 의해 자극된 RAW264.7 세포에서 유산균 발효 커피 추출물은 nitric oxide 생성 및 inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$, interleukin $1{\beta}$, interleukin 6, interferon ${\gamma}$ 등의 면역 관련 유전자의 발현을 유의하게 억제하였으며, Y10과 A10 추출물이 다른 커피 추출물에 비해 상대적으로 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 반면에 IL-6의 경우에는 Y2와 A2 커피 추출물이 가장 높은 억제효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과는 면역세포에 대한 유산균 발효 커피 추출물의 항염증 기전을 이해하는데 도움이 될 수 있으리라 생각되며, 또한 유산균 발효 커피 추출물은 유용한 항염증성 식품 소재로 이용될 수 있다고 판단된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.99-107
• /
• 2022

Silkworm pupal extracts (SPE) were prepared in different solvents (water, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% ethanol) and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in the RAW264.7 cell line. The SPE composition was initially evaluated by determining the protein content and performing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The protein content of the different SPE ranged from 6.75-130.93 mg/g of extract. FTIR analysis exhibited distinguishable absorption peaks among the extracts and indicated the presence of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid moieties. The levels of released nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were only attenuated by 100% ethanolic SPE to 19.44% and 16.77%, respectively. The other solvent extracts were ineffective. Hence, further studies were conducted with 100% ethanolic SPE from three distinct stages of male and female silkworm pupae belonging to four silkworm varieties (Baegokjam; B, GoldenSilk; G, Juhwangjam; J, and YeonNokjam; Y). The best reduction in NO release and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels was achieved by the SPE of early female pupae belonging to the Baegokjam variety (32.72%) and those of early female pupae belonging to the Baegokjam and GoldenSilk (59.93%) varieties, respectively. The best reduction in IL-6 expression by 49.70% was achieved by SPE from female pupae of the mid-pupal stage belonging to the Baegokjam variety.