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The Geometry of the Space of Symmetric Bilinear Forms on ℝ2 with Octagonal Norm

  • Kim, Sung Guen
    • Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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    • v.56 no.3
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    • pp.781-791
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    • 2016
  • Let $d_*(1,w)^2 ={\mathbb{R}}^2$ with the octagonal norm of weight w. It is the two dimensional real predual of Lorentz sequence space. In this paper we classify the smooth points of the unit ball of the space of symmetric bilinear forms on $d_*(1,w)^2$. We also show that the unit sphere of the space of symmetric bilinear forms on $d_*(1,w)^2$ is the disjoint union of the sets of smooth points, extreme points and the set A as follows: $$S_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2d_*(1,w)^2)}=smB_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2d_*(1,w)^2)}{\bigcup}extB_{{\mathcal{L}}_s(^2d_*(1,w)^2)}{\bigcup}A$$, where the set A consists of $ax_1x_2+by_1y_2+c(x_1y_2+x_2y_1)$ with (a = b = 0, $c={\pm}{\frac{1}{1+w^2}}$), ($a{\neq}b$, $ab{\geq}0$, c = 0), (a = b, 0 < ac, 0 < ${\mid}c{\mid}$ < ${\mid}a{\mid}$), ($a{\neq}{\mid}c{\mid}$, a = -b, 0 < ac, 0 < ${\mid}c{\mid}$), ($a={\frac{1-w}{1+w}}$, b = 0, $c={\frac{1}{1+w}}$), ($a={\frac{1+w+w(w^2-3)c}{1+w^2}}$, $b={\frac{w-1+(1-3w^2)c}{w(1+w^2)}}$, ${\frac{1}{2+2w}}$ < c < ${\frac{1}{(1+w)^2(1-w)}}$, $c{\neq}{\frac{1}{1+2w-w^2}}$), ($a={\frac{1+w(1+w)c}{1+w}}$, $b={\frac{-1+(1+w)c}{w(1+w)}}$, 0 < c < $\frac{1}{2+2w}$) or ($a={\frac{1=w(1+w)c}{1+w}}$, $b={\frac{1-(1+w)c}{1+w}}$, $\frac{1}{1+w}$ < c < $\frac{1}{(1+w)^2(1-w)}$).

REGULARITY RELATIVE TO A HEREDITARY TORSION THEORY FOR MODULES OVER A COMMUTATIVE RING

  • Qiao, Lei;Zuo, Kai
    • Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.59 no.4
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    • pp.821-841
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    • 2022
  • In this paper, we introduce and study regular rings relative to the hereditary torsion theory w (a special case of a well-centered torsion theory over a commutative ring), called w-regular rings. We focus mainly on the w-regularity for w-coherent rings and w-Noetherian rings. In particular, it is shown that the w-coherent w-regular domains are exactly the Prüfer v-multiplication domains and that an integral domain is w-Noetherian and w-regular if and only if it is a Krull domain. We also prove the w-analogue of the global version of the Serre-Auslander-Buchsbaum Theorem. Among other things, we show that every w-Noetherian w-regular ring is the direct sum of a finite number of Krull domains. Finally, we obtain that the global weak w-projective dimension of a w-Noetherian ring is 0, 1, or ∞.

THE REPRESENTATION AND PERTURBATION OF THE W-WEIGHTED DRAZIN INVERSE

  • Xu, Zhaoliang;Wang, Guorong
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • v.23 no.1_2
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    • pp.113-126
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    • 2007
  • Let A and E be $m{\times}n$ matrices and W an $n{\times}m$ matrix, and let $A_{d,w}$ denote the W-weighted Drazin inverse of A. In this paper, a new representation of the W-weighted Drazin inverse of A is given. Some new properties for the W-weighted Drazin inverse $A_{d,w}\;and\;B_{d,w}$ are investigated, where B=A+E. In addition, the Banach-type perturbation theorem for the W-weighted Drazin inverse of A and B are established, and the perturbation bounds for ${\parallel}B_{d,w}{\parallel}\;and\;{\parallel}B_{d,w}-A_{d,w}{\parallel}/{\parallel}A_{d,w}{\parallel}$ are also presented. When A and B are square matrices and W is identity matrix, some known results in the literature related to the Drazin inverse and the group inverse are directly reduced by the results in this paper as special cases.

A Study on Software Product-Line Architecture Design Process (소프트웨어 제품계열 아키텍처 설계 프로세스)

  • Oh, Young-Bae
    • Journal of Information Technology Services
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.47-59
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    • 2005
  • S/W product line is a S/W product or a set of S/W system, which has common functions. We can develop a specific S/W product, which satisfiesrequirements of a particular market segment and a mission in a specific domain by reusing the core asset such as the developed S/W architecture through the S/W product line. S/W development methodology based on the S/W product line can develop a S/W more easily and fast by reusing the developed S/W core asset. An advanced country of S/W technology selects S/W product line as a core field of S/W production technology, and support technology development. In case of USA, CMU/SEI (Carnegie Mellon University / Software Engineering Institute) developed product-line framework 4.0 together with the industry and the Ministry of National Defense. Europe is supporting the development of product line technology through ITEA(IT for European Advancement) program. In this paper, we aim to construct reference architecture of S/W product line for production of the S/W product line.

Flow structures around rectangular cylinder in the vicinity of a wall

  • Derakhshandeh, J.F.;Alam, Md. Mahbub
    • Wind and Structures
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.293-304
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    • 2018
  • A numerical study is conducted on the flow characteristics of a rectangular cylinder (chord-to-width ratio C/W = 2 - 10) mounted close to a rigid wall at gap-to-width ratios G/W = 0.25 - 6.25. The effects of G/W and C/W on the Strouhal number, vortex structure, and time-mean drag and lift forces are examined. The results reveal that both G/W and C/W have strong influences on vortex structure, which significantly affects the forces on the cylinder. An increase in G/W leads to four different flow regimes, namely no vortex street flow (G/W < 0.75), single-row vortex street flow ($0.75{\leq}G/W{\leq}1.25$), inverted two-row vortex street flow ($1.25<G/W{\leq}2.5$), and two-row vortex street flow (G/W > 2.5). Both Strouhal number and time-mean drag are more sensitive to C/W than to G/W. For a given G/W, Strouhal number grows with C/W while time-mean drag decays with C/W, the growth and decay being large between C/W = 2 and 4. The time-mean drag is largest in the single-row vortex street regime, contributed by a large pressure on the front surface, regardless of C/W. A higher C/W, in general, leads to a higher time-mean lift. The maximum time-mean lift occurs for C/W = 10 at G/W = 0.75, while the minimum time-mean lift appears for C/W = 2 at the same G/W. The impact of C/W on the time-mean lift is more substantial in single-row vortex regime. The effect of G/W on the time-mean lift is larger at a larger C/W.

w-INJECTIVE MODULES AND w-SEMI-HEREDITARY RINGS

  • Wang, Fanggui;Kim, Hwankoo
    • Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.51 no.3
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    • pp.509-525
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    • 2014
  • Let R be a commutative ring with identity. An R-module M is said to be w-projective if $Ext\frac{1}{R}$(M,N) is GV-torsion for any torsion-free w-module N. In this paper, we define a ring R to be w-semi-hereditary if every finite type ideal of R is w-projective. To characterize w-semi-hereditary rings, we introduce the concept of w-injective modules and study some basic properties of w-injective modules. Using these concepts, we show that R is w-semi-hereditary if and only if the total quotient ring T(R) of R is a von Neumann regular ring and $R_m$ is a valuation domain for any maximal w-ideal m of R. It is also shown that a connected ring R is w-semi-hereditary if and only if R is a Pr$\ddot{u}$fer v-multiplication domain.

GRADED w-NOETHERIAN MODULES OVER GRADED RINGS

  • Wu, Xiaoying
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.57 no.5
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    • pp.1319-1334
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    • 2020
  • In this paper, we study the basic theory of the category of graded w-Noetherian modules over a graded ring R. Some elementary concepts, such as w-envelope of graded modules, graded w-Noetherian rings and so on, are introduced. It is shown that: (1) A graded domain R is graded w-Noetherian if and only if Rg𝔪 is a graded Noetherian ring for any gr-maximal w-ideal m of R, and there are only finite numbers of gr-maximal w-ideals including a for any nonzero homogeneous element a. (2) Let R be a strongly graded ring. Then R is a graded w-Noetherian ring if and only if Re is a w-Noetherian ring. (3) Let R be a graded w-Noetherian domain and let a ∈ R be a homogeneous element. Suppose 𝖕 is a minimal graded prime ideal of (a). Then the graded height of the graded prime ideal 𝖕 is at most 1.

ON DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MEROMORPHIC SOLUTIONS OF HYPER-ORDER LESS THAN ONE

  • Risto Korhonen;Yan Liu
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.61 no.1
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    • pp.229-246
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    • 2024
  • We consider the delay differential equations $$b(z)w(z+1)+c(z)w(z-1)+a(z)\frac{w'(z)}{w^k(z)}=\frac{P(z, w(z))}{Q(z, w(z))}$$, where k ∈ {1, 2}, a(z), b(z) ≢ 0, c(z) ≢ 0 are rational functions, and P(z, w(z)) and Q(z, w(z)) are polynomials in w(z) with rational coefficients satisfying certain natural conditions regarding their roots. It is shown that if this equation has a non-rational meromorphic solution w with hyper-order ρ2(w) < 1, then either degw(P) = degw(Q) + 1 ≤ 3 or max{degw(P), degw(Q)} ≤ 1. In addition, it is shown that in the case max{degw(P), degw(Q)} = 0 the equations above can have such a solution, with an additional zero density requirement, only if the coefficients of the equation satisfy certain strict conditions.

ON 𝜙-w-FLAT MODULES AND THEIR HOMOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS

  • Zhang, Xiaolei;Zhao, Wei
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.58 no.4
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    • pp.1039-1052
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    • 2021
  • In this paper, we introduce and study the class of 𝜙-w-flat modules which are generalizations of both 𝜙-flat modules and w-flat modules. The 𝜙-w-weak global dimension 𝜙-w-w.gl.dim(R) of a commutative ring R is also introduced and studied. We show that, for a 𝜙-ring R, 𝜙-w-w.gl.dim(R) = 0 if and only if w-dim(R) = 0 if and only if R is a 𝜙-von Neumann ring. It is also proved that, for a strongly 𝜙-ring R, 𝜙-w-w.gl.dim(R) ≤ 1 if and only if each nonnil ideal of R is 𝜙-w-flat, if and only if R is a 𝜙-PvMR, if and only if R is a PvMR.

THE CLASS OF WEAK w-PROJECTIVE MODULES IS A PRECOVER

  • Kim, Hwankoo;Qiao, Lei;Wang, Fanggui
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.59 no.1
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    • pp.141-154
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    • 2022
  • Let R be a commutative ring with identity. Denote by w𝒫w the class of weak w-projective R-modules and by w𝒫w the right orthogonal complement of w𝒫w. It is shown that (w𝒫w, w𝒫w) is a hereditary and complete cotorsion theory, and so every R-module has a special weak w-projective precover. We also give some necessary and sufficient conditions for weak w-projective modules to be w-projective. Finally it is shown that when we discuss the existence of a weak w-projective cover of a module, it is enough to consider the w-envelope of the module.