• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.513-514
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• 2006

Recently intradiscal electrothermal therapy is introduced, which is a new and minimally invasive technique fer the treatment of discogenic low back pain. This procedure involves the percutaneous threading of a flexible catheter into the disc under fluoroscopic guidance. The catheter, composed of thermal resistive coil, heats the posterior annulus of the disc, causing contraction of collagen fibers and destruction of afferent nociceptors. This study tries to investigate the effects of the important factors of this procedure such as heat source temperature and heat applying time on the temperature distribution within the intervertebral disc. This study utilized both computer simulation and the experiment for the verification of finite element analysis. FE analysis was carried out with ANSYS v7.0 (ANSYS Inc, USA) using 10,980 number of brick element and 12,551 number of node. The functional spinal units of 5 month old swine were used for the experiment and the temperature was monitored using 10 channel temperature measurement device MV200. Through this study, it was able to analyze the temperature range of inner intervertebral disc by two mechanisms which are known to alleviate pain clinically. The results showed that when the heat source temperature was kept up 80 degree for 1,020 seconds, the temperature of inner annulus reached at 45 degree up to the distance of 15.6mm from heat source, which explains coagulation of inner annulus by heat. When the same heat source was used, the temperature of inner nucleus reached at 60 degree up to the distance of 9mm from heat source, which explains contraction of inner nucleus by heat.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.967-976
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of Hanwoo steer was investigated. A total of 32 Hanwoo steers (15-17 months, average body weight $462{\pm}37.9kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% mixed probiotics), with four Hanwoo steers per pen (two replicates per treatments), and reared for 12 months. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Hanwoo steer (P>0.05); however, feed intake decreased linearly with increasing levels of mixed probiotics. Growth hormone and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels responded linearly with increasing levels of dietary mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but not insulin and blood glucose did not. In particular, total cholesterol was significantly lower for the 1% mixed probiotic treatment in comparison with that of the other treatments (P<0.05). The pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), cooking loss, and meat color were influenced by increasing levels of mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but the carcass characteristics and shear force were not. Regarding sensory evaluation, the addition of mixed probiotics resulted in significant difference in meat color, tenderness, aroma, off-flavor, juiciness, and marbling score, but not in overall acceptability. In addition, fatty acid profiles indicated no differences between control and mixed probiotic treatments. In conclusion, mixed probiotic treatment at 1% levels can enhance consumer preferences possibly by reducing cholesterol and TBARS.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.788-796
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various electroacupuncture duration induced by acupuncture point-Zusanli ($S_{36}$) electrical stimulation on inhibition of amplitude of digastric electromyogram (dEMG) evoked by noxious electrical stimuli around the mental foramen. intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital in an initial dose of 50mg/kg and maintenance doses of 4.5mg/kg/h were given through a cannula in the femoral vein using a constant infusion pump. A pair of stimulating electrodes were inserted for noxious stimuli around the mental foramen. An irritant electronic stimuli pulse (0.2 Hz, 0.1 ms duration) was produced with an intensity of about $1.5{\times}2$ times threshold for evoking the dEMG. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle was exposed and a pair of 0.1mm wire electrodes were inserted for dEMG recording. Acupuncture point stimulation on Zusanli (2 Hz, 250 ${\mu}s$, biphasic pulse, 2 V) was delivered by Dental Electronic Anesthesia (3M, U.S.A). For periods of electronic stimulation of 10, 20, and 30min, the amplitudes of dEMG were measured on the oscilloscope and on the monitor connected to the amplifier. The following results were obtained: The dEMG was decreased to 73.4% of that in the control set after 10 min electroacupunture stimulation (Group I); The dEMG was decreased to 77.1% (10min), 54.0.% (20min) of that in the control set after 20minutes of electroacupunture stimulation (Group II). The dEMG was decreased to 73.3% (10min), 61.9% (20min), 76.2% (30min) of that in the control set after 30 min of electroacupunture stimulation (Group III). From these results, it may be that in the electroacupuncture stimulation on the Zusnali resulted in a reduction of amplitude of dEMG and that the most effective electroacupuncture stimulation period was 20min.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.60-75
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• 1998

The parents have much expectation upon the pregnancy and child birth, and in most cases, they expect the healthy parturient child. However, we can be placed on the high-risk conditions which have the physical, social and immature infant, due to the unexpected results, among the new-born. Accordingly, these high-risk newborn and premature infants will be mostly in NICU, which the concentrated medical treatment can be given, upon their conditions. After their birth and during these periods, they will be divided from the parents, and the nurse will accomplish the bringing-up activities which they can take care of the infant, expected by the parents after their birth. The hospitalization of high-risk newborn including these premature infants is the shocking experience to the parents of family, and thus they can feel the fear and uneasiness, and these reactions of parents are troubled in the behavior at the usual days, and cause the disorder and spiritless status, and these results break the supporting ability of parents, and cause the obstruction. Also, the unavoidable division between the parents and the children as like hospitalization of children can make the parents to feel the alienation emotionally, and this causes the results which the pride on the bringing-up ability of baby gets to be lost. These problems can cause the difficulties on the bonding or the parenting in the further days, and can be related to the neglect and abuse of children. Also, it is gradually increased to study and report which the emotional division by the physical division between the mother and the baby obstructs the normal affection course between the parent and the infant. The stress caused by the birth and the hospitalization of high-risk newborn, as like this, is important in the points which it can uncertainly affect the potential energy for the relationship of parent-child who are finally healthy. Accordingly, the significance and purpose of this study are to understand the contents and degree of stress which the parents of high-risk newborn including the immature child can be experienced from the hospitalization of ICU for their new borns, and thus to offer the basic program to the nursing intervention program for these. The subject of this study is the mother of newborn in NICU of 10 General Hospitals located at the 3one of Pusan, Korea from September 1997 to October 1997, and thus makes the subject of 95 person of parents who agreed to take part in the study and it is descriptive study related to the stress of mother having the newborn in NICU. The method is based on the preceding study related to the stress of mother having the experience of child hospitalization and chronic disease child, and then acquires the advice of specialists group as like 5 nursing professors, and then is amended and supplemented. Total number of questions is 43 items and consists of 5 factors as like medical treatment &nursing procedures, disease status & prognosis, role of parents, communication & inter-personal relationships, hospital environment, and is 5 point Likert Scale. The reliability of this study method is very highly shown to be Cronbach α=0.95. The collected data is analysed as Average, Frequency, Standard Deviation, T-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Duncan multifulrange test by use of SPSS /PC (V7.5). The results of this study is summarized as under. 1. Every characteristics of subject is which the party of mother is 28.70age(±7.48) in the average ages, 51% in the high-school graduate, 38.5% in the christianity, total monthly income is 212.55 thousand won(±1.971), 74.5% in the housewife, 72.9% in the parents and children together living and the number of children to be 1.48person(± 0.6) in average, the recognition on the prognosis of baby is 74.0% in 'Don't know', the relationship with the husband after the hospitalization of babyis 37.3% in 'More Intimate', the relationship with the family of husband to be 48% in 'No-change', and the degree which is consulted with the husband about the baby is 55% in 'very frequently' and the visiting number per week is 4.59(±1.63) in average and the accompanying person in the time of visiting is which the number of husband is 56.3% and thus is the highest. The characteristics of baby is which the age is 21.88days(±16.47) after the birth in average, the sex to be 50 person in the female 52.1% and the order of birth to be 54.2% in the first chid, and the weight in the birth to be 2770gm(±610) and the height in the birth to be 46.26cm(±7.62) in aver age. The medical diagnosis is 37.5% in the premature infant, the career of hospitalization is 96.9% in 'None', and the operation plan is 90.6% in 'None' and the execution of operation is 88% in 'None' and the nursing of incubator is 55.2% in 'Yes', and the method of feeding is 50.5% in 'Oral' and the contents of feeding is 46.9% in the 'Milk'. 2. The total stress degree of subject is almost highly shown to be as 3.36(±0.86). If it is compared upon each cause, 'stress on disease status & prognosis' is highest 3.79(±1.28), and it is in the order of 'stress on medical treatment & nursing procedures' 3.70(±0.93), 'stress on hospital environment' 3.14(±0.86), 'stress on role of parents' 3.18(±0.92) and 'stress on communication & inter personal relationship' 2.62(± 0.77) 3. As the results of checking the notworthiness of stress degree upon each variable of subject, the variable showing the noted difference was the birth weight(γ=-0.16, P=0.04), birth height(γ=-0.23, P=0.03), nursing in the incubator(F=8.93, P=0.04), feed method(F=2.94, P=0.04). That is to say, it is shown which the smaller the birth weight is, the higher the stress degree of mother is noteworthily. Also, the smaller the birth height baby is, the higher the stress of mother is. In the incubator, it os shown which the mother whose baby is nursing in the incubator is higher in the stress degree than other mothers. Upon the feeding method of baby, that is to say, TPNis the highest, and it is shown in the order of NPO, Tube feeding, and P.O. feeding. When we review the above-mentioned results, as the status is serious, it is thought which we include the supporting nursing for coping with the stress of parents in the setting-up od nursing plan for the baby in the NICU.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 1993

친수성 콜로이드를 식품에 유효하게 이용하기 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 sodium alginate, gum karaya 및 gum arabic 등 3종의 고무질을 sodium caseinate에 첨가하였을 때 이들이 거품성에 비피는 영향을 검토하였다. 표면장력은 pH 7.0(대조구, 43.9 dyne/cm)에서 고무질의 종류 및 농도에 따라 $43.7{\sim}44.7\;dyne/cm$이었으며 pH 8.0(대조구, 42.7 dyne/cm)에서는 $43.6{\sim}44.0\;dyne/cm$이었다. 비점도는 sodium alginate 첨가시 pH 7.0에서 0.2 및 0.3% 첨가하였을 때 각각 15.6 및 39.1로써 대조구(2.8)에서 보다 크게 증가하였으며 pH 8.0에서도 12.1 및 8.2로써 대조구(2.6)에서 보다 증가하였다. Gum karaya 첨가시는 pH 7.0에서 0.1, 0.2 및 0.3% 첨가농도에 따라 $3.3{\sim}10.7$로써 대조구(2.6)에서 보다 증가하였으며 pH 8.0에서도 농도에 따라 $3.4{\sim}4.4$로써 다소 증가하였다. 혼탁도는 pH 7.0(대조구, 69.0)에서 고무질의 종류 및 농도에 따라 $69.5{\sim}74.0$, pH 8.0(대조구, 67.0)에서 $68.0{\sim}72.5$이었다. 거품형성능은 전체적으로 고무질 첨가구가 대조구에서 보다 떨어졌으며, 전체적으로 보아 pH 8.0에서 보다 pH 7.0에서가 다소 양호하였다. 거품형성을 위한 고무질의 첨가농도 및 whipping 시간을 보면, 전체적으로 보아 sodium alginate의 경우 0.1% 및 15분, gum karaya는 0.2% 및 20분, 그리고 gum arabic은 0.1% 및 10분이 비교적 양호한 조건임을 알 수 있었다. 거품안정성은 pH 7.0에서 sodium alginate 및 gum karaya가 0.3%, pH 8.0에서는 0.2%가 적절한 첨가농도이었으며 pH 8.0보다 pH 7.0에서가 더 양호하였다. 전체적으로 보아, 표면장력, 점도 및 혼탁도의 증감에 따른 거품형성능 및 안정성의 뚜렷한 증감은 보이지 않았으나, 동일 pH 영역에서는 표면장력과 혼탁도가 낮으면 거품형성능이 높아지고, 점도가 높으면 거품안정성이 증진되는 경향이 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.287-293
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• 1987

우리나라 장수자(長壽者)의 생활(生活) 및 의식조사연구(意識調査硏究)의 일환(一環)으로 장수자(長壽者)의 과거(過去)의 건강(健康), 질병(疾病) 및 고통(苦痛)에 대한 대처태도(對處態度) 등을 조사(調査) 비교(比較)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 갱년기(更年期)($40{\sim}60$세(歲))의 건강상태(健庶狀態)가 ${\ulcorner}$대단히 건강했다${\lrcorner}$가 71.0%로 가장 많고, 그 다음이 ${\ulcorner}$건강이 보통이었다${\lrcorner}$가 21.6%로서, 전체 장수자의 91.6%가 보통이상의 건강상태를 유지했다. 2. 노년기(老年期)에 접어든 후 질병(疾病)이나 부상(負傷)을 당한경험(經驗)이 ${\ulcorner}$없었다${\lrcorner}$고 대답한 경우가 74.7%로 대부분을 차지한 반면 ${\ulcorner}$있었다${\lrcorner}$고 대답한 경우는 22.6%에 불과했다. 3. 질병(疾病)이나 부상(負傷)이 ${\ulcorner}$있었다${\lrcorner}$고 한 경우의 내석(內讀)을 비교(比較)하여 보면 ${\ulcorner}$소화기질병(肖化器疾患)${\lrcorner}$이 32.6%로 가장 많고, 그 다음이 ${\ulcorner}$뇌졸중(腦卒中) 고혈압(高血壓)${\lrcorner}$ 14.0%, ${\ulcorner}$심장병(心臟病)${\lrcorner}$ 14.0%, ${\ulcorner}$호흡기질환(呼吸器疾患)${\lrcorner}$ 12.8%의 순으로 되어있었다. 4. 고통(苦痛)에 대한 경험(經驗)을 조사(調査)하여 본 결과(結果), 고통(苦痛)이 ${\ulcorner}$없었다${\lrcorner}$가 55.7%, ${\ulcorner}$있었다${\lrcorner}$가 44.3%로 거의 비슷한 경향(傾向)이었고, 고통(苦痛)에 대한 경험내독(經驗內譯)을 보면 ${\ulcorner}$가정생활${\lrcorner}$이 81.1%로 대부분을 차지한 반면 ${\ulcorner}$사업${\lrcorner}$ 등은 10. l%에 불과해서 가정생활에 많은 문제가 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 5. 고통(苦痛)에 대한 대처태도(對處態度)를 비교(比較)하여 보면 빨리 ${\ulcorner}$잊을려고 노력(努力)했다${\lrcorner}$가 51.2%로 가장 많았고 그 다음이 ${\ulcorner}$계속 걱정을 했다${\lrcorner}$(33.3%), ${\ulcorner}$걱정을 하지 않았다${\lrcorner}$(7. 1)의 순이었다. 6. 장수(長壽)한 사람들의 초경년령(初經年齡)은 ${\ulcorner}$$16{\sim}18$세(歲)${\lrcorner}$가 38.8%로 가장 많고, 그 다음이 ${\ulcorner}$l9세(歲)이후${\lrcorner}$가 25.2%로서 전체 장수자의 64.0%가 16세이상에서 초경(初經)이 나타났으며, 폐경년령(閉經年齡)은 ${\ulcorner}$$41{\sim}43$세(歲)${\lrcorner}$가 36.4%로 가장 많고, 그 다음이 ${\ulcorner}$$44{\sim}46$세(歲)${\lrcorner}$가 28.5%로서 전체 장수자의 64.9%가 46세(歲)이하에서 폐경현상(閉經現象)이 나타났다. 따라서 장수한 사람들의 초경년령(初經年齡)은 현재보다 $4{\sim}5$년(年) 늦은 반면 폐경년령(閉經年齡)은 현재보다 $4{\sim}5$년(年) 빨랐음을 알 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2002

Bacillus thrungensis를 이용한 미생물 살충제를 생산할 목적으로 두부폐수를 이용하여 내생포자 생산능을 검토하였다. 실험에 사용한 두부폐수원액의 성상은 pH 9.8, COD 276mg/$\ell$, 전질소량 71.1mg/$\ell$, 전인량 5.52mg/$\ell$ 이며 Bacillus thrungensis균을 대량배양하기 위한 기질로서의 이용 가능성을 확인한 결과, 두부폐수원액에서 가장 높은 포자형성능이 관찰 되었으며, 두부폐수원액의 첨가량이 작을수록 포자형성은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 최대 포자형 성능은 1% $K_2$HPO4i 첨가때 가장 높은 포자형 성능을 나타내었다. 두부 공업폐수를 이용한 Bacillus thrungensis의 최적배지 조건에서 시간별 포자형 성능을 확인한 결과, 동일 시간당 1.5배 높은 포자형 성능이 확인되었다. 두부폐수는 Bacillus thrungensis를 생산하기 위한 적당한 배양기질로서 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각되어 진다.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.36-49
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• 1997

Background : Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors of the cerebrovascular accident and coronary artery disease which are the major causes of mortality in Korea. In Korea, the quality of care provided by office-based physicians has not been evaluated formally. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of hypertension management of office-based physicians. Method : Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to the office-based physicians with the speciality of internal medicine, general surgery, family medicine, and general practitioners. Among 2,045 physicians, 981 doctors(48.0%) replied the questionnaires. Contents of questionnaires were based on the recommendation from the JNC-V report(the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure), and included the criteria of diagnosis, treatment, follow-up interval, and other characteristics of physicians(age, sex, type of speciality, and location of practice). Results : Eighty four percent of the office-based physicians made diagnosis of hypertension with less than 3 times of blood pressure measurements. The performance rate of required examination for hypertensives was very low in most items. Rate of fundoscopic examination is the lowest one among them(5.9%). The performance rate of laboratory examination was also low in most items. Internists tended to order more frequent laboratory examinations than any other type of physicians. Only 11.4% of the physicians did appropriate treatments for the mild hypertension case. The antihypertensives selected by the physicians as a first line drug were in the order of beta blocker(26.4%), calcium channel blocker(23.4%), diuretics(23.1%), ACE inhibitors(14.3%). The visit interval for established hypertensives was very short. Proportion of physicians with follow-up interval longer than 4 weeks was only 4.3%. Conclusions : The overall quality of hypertension management of office-based physicians in Korea is very problematic in many aspects. So further investigations to find out the reasons of low quality arid quality of care should be initiated.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2018

This study examined the properties of photons and the dose distribution in a human body via a simulation where the total body irradiation(TBI) is performed on a pediatric anthropomorphic phantom and a child size water phantom. Based on this, we tried to find the optimal photon beam energy and material for beam spoiler. In this study, MCNPX (Ver. 2.5.0), a simulation program based on the Monte Carlo method, was used for the photon beam analysis and TBI simulation. Several different beam spoiler materials (plexiglass, copper, lead, aluminium) were used, and three different electron beam energies were used in the simulated accelerator to produce photon beams (6, 10, and 15 MeV). Moreover, both a water phantom for calculating the depth-dependent dosage and a pediatric anthropomorphic phantom for calculating the organ dosage were used. The homogeneity of photon beam was examined in different depths for the water phantom, which shows the 20%-40% difference for each material. Next, the org an doses on pediatric anthropomorphic phantom were examined, and the results showed that the average dose for each part of the body was skin 17.7 Gy, sexual gland 15.2 Gy, digestion 13.8 Gy, liver 11.8 Gy, kidney 9.2 Gy, lungs 6.2 Gy, and brain 4.6 Gy. Moreover, as for the organ doses according to materials, the highest dose was observed in lead while the lowest was observed in plexiglass. Plexiglass in current use is considered the most suitable material, and a 6 or 10 MV photon energy plan tailored to the patient condition is considered more suitable than a higher energy plan.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.374-378
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• 2010

$MgTiO_3$ thin films were prepared by r.f. magnetron sputtering in order to prepare miniaturized NPO type MLCCs. $MgTiO_3$ films showed a polycrystalline structure of ilmenite characterized by the appearance of (110) and (202) peaks. The intensity of the peaks decreased with an increase in the chamber pressure due to the decrease of crystallinity which resulted from the decrease of kinetic energy of the sputtered atoms. The films annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ for 60min. showed a fine grained microstructure without micro-cracks. The grain size and roughness of the $MgTiO_3$ films decreased with the increase of chamber pressure. The average surface roughness was 1.425~0.313 nm for $MgTiO_3$ films prepared at 10~70 mTorr. $MgTiO_3$ films showed a dielectric constant of 17~19.7 and a dissipation factor of 2.1~4.9% at 1MHz. The dielectric constant of the films is similar to that of bulk ceramics. The dielectric constant and the dissipation factor decreased with the increase of the chamber pressure due to the decrease of grain size and crystallinity. The leakage current density was $10^{-5}\sim10^{-7}A/cm^2$ at 200kV/cm and this value decreased with the increase of the chamber pressure. The small grain size and smooth surface microstructure of the films deposited at high chamber pressure resulted in a low leakage current density. $MgTiO_3$ films showed a near zero temperature coefficient and satisfied the specifications for NPO type materials. The dielectric properties of the $MgTiO_3$ thin films prepared by sputtering suggest the feasibility of their application for MLCCs.