• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2014

Purpose: To determine the therapeutic effectiveness of ultrasound-guided medial branch block (MBB) for the herniated lumbar disc patients who did not relieve their symptoms after percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN). Materials and Methods: From August 2011 to February 2013, 559 patients with herniated lumbar disc have undergone PEN. Among them, ultrasound-guided MBBs were performed for the patients who had sustained low back pain and refered pain to lower extremities. Eighty eight patients were followed at 1 month and 39 patients could be followed at 6 month. All procedures have been performed by the one operator, and 23 G, 10 cm needle was placed and 0.5% lidocaine was injected under ultrasound guide. To target medial branches from L1 to L5, the groove at the root of transverse process and the base of superior articular process has been identified on transverse scan. Patients were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at each follow-up. Significant pain relief was described as a 50% or more reduction in VAS and significant improvement in function was described as at least a 40% reduction in ODI. Results: VAS showed that preprocedure pain ($7.35{\pm}1.68$; $mean{\pm}SD$) significantly decreased 1 month after block ($3.36{\pm}2.98$) and 6 month ($3.05{\pm}2.27$) (p<0.05). ODI also showed that preprocedure score ($32.82{\pm}8.77$) significantly decreased at 1 month ($15.14{\pm}14.01$) and 6 month ($12.97{\pm}8.82$) (p<0.05). Significant pain relief was observed in 64.49% at 1 month and 64.10% at 6 month. Significant functional improvement in 59.81% at 1 month and 61.54% at 6 month. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided medial branch block may sufficiently treat the facet problems secondary from disc disease.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.437-443
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• 2016

To treat a kind of nail damage, this study proceeded with gel polish procedure oriented to 19 women in their twenties and thirties, dividing into three experimental groups, such as the A group with non-treatment (n=6), the B group taking Nutritional Convergent supplement (n=6), and the C group simultaneously taking Nutritional Convergent supplement and Nail Convergent Strengthener (n=7), and inquired into the superficial change of nails, changes of thickness, analysis of damage degree and satisfaction rate. The analysis shows that the C group simultaneously applied with dietary supplement and complex nail supplement presented the best result in all areas. As for the morphological changes of the surface of nails measured by the scanning electron microscope, there were definite changes as compared with the B group. According to the result, it is proved that complex dietary supplement helps to improve the thickness and the surface of damaged nails and it is reasoned that a higher effect can be expected when complex nail supplement is simultaneously used.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.357-364
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• 2019

This study comparatively analyzed hair damage by hair bleach particles and identified three different bleach particle sizes using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The powdered bleaching agents made of ammonium persulfate (APS) and potassium persulfate had particle sizes of $131{\mu}m$, $72{\mu}m$ and $48.8{\mu}m$. According to a hair damage test, cuticle lift-up or peeling hardly occurred when small bleach particles were used. In terms of hair color, the hair bleached with larger bleach particles was the darkest, while the hair bleached with small bleach particles was the brightest. The results found that for bleaching agents that are more effective in easing hair damage, those with little particles should be used. In addition, it appears that the selection of particles depending on the degree of hair bleaching would enhance bleaching effects and reduce hair damage. The above process is a way to get great results in selecting a bleaching agent. It is anticipated that hair damage could be reduced during hair bleaching based on the above results.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.203-206
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• 1988

Evaluation of inadvertent dural puncture occuring among 308 epidural blocks done for the relief of pain from various conditions was performed. Dural puncture was suspected in 5 out of 308 epidural bloks. (1.6%) Aspiration of CSF was negative in 3 cases in which dural puncture was suspected only after developing spinal anesthesia. Of the 3 negative CSF aspirations, one case had a history of laminectomy. Adhesions of the adjacent tissues might result in the loss of flexibility and a decrease in potential epidural space which might cause dural tearing during injection and subarachoid injection of the local anesthetic followed by high spinal anesthesia. In another case, the needle tip was obstructed by tissue which led to negative aspiration of CSF and failure to feel loss of resistance. The second injection at the same site may cause subarachnoid injection of the local anesthetic through the previously perforated dura mater and in turn, lead to spinal anesthesia. In the last case, there was no reason to suspect dural puncture since the loss of resistance plus air rebound were definite and aspiration of CSF was negative, but dural puncture was suspected after the patient developed spinal anesthesia.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.553-565
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• 2001

One-bottle adhesive system was recently developed in order to simplify the clinical skills and save chair time after continuous improvements on dentin bonding agents. To test the shear bond strength of a new "one-bottle adhesive" system to bovine dentin various commercially available one-bottle adhesives(Prime & Bond $2.1^{(R)}$, One Coat $Bond^{(R)}$, Syntac $Sprint^{(R)}$, Single $Bond^{(R)}$) were included for comparison. And we observe the interfacial morphology by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. Group II (One Coat $Bond^{(R)}$) showed higher shear bond strength than group I (Prime & Bond $2.1^{(R)}$), group III(Syntac $Sprint^{(R)}$), and group IV(Single $Bond^{(R)}$), but no statistically significant difference was founded between groups(p>.05). 2. Relating reverse-cone shape resin tags were observed in samples of all groups under SEM. We could observed hybrid layer, resin tag and many lateral branches in every group. But, we observed in group III rare lateral branched than other three groups, and discontinuous hybrid layer.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2012

In the domain of orthopaedic surgery, application of regional nerve block for surgery or pain control in upper and lower extremities has been increased. By performing regional block of popliteal (sciatic), femoral, proximal saphenous nerve and ankle block under guidance of ultrasound, not only the safety, but also success rate of the procedure has increased, and amount of local anesthetics could be used less, too. Since the perineural single injection or continuous catheterization of diluted local anesthetics was performed more precisely and easily by the guidance of ultrasound, postoperative pain could be controlled without complications of PCA such as nausea, vomiting, etc. We will discuss about this ultrasound guided regional nerve block.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.726-731
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• 2006

Purpose : We reported previously that intramuscular ketamine with adjunctive midazolam is more effective than ketamine alone in pediatric procedural sedation, but with limited satisfactory sedation by suboptimal ketamine dose. The optimal dose of intramuscular ketamine in children has never been studied in Korea. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness and adverse events of ketamine 4mg/kg with adjunctive midazolam in pediatric laceration repair. Methods : From Jan. 2005 to July 2005, we enrolled 60 children, aged 3 months-7 years, who needed laceration repair under sedation. After verbal consent from parents, patients were randomly assigned to KMA group(IM ketamine 4 mg/kg＋atropine 0.01 mg/kg＋intramuscular midazolam 0.05 mg/kg) or KA group(without midazolam). We compared both groups with the induction time, recovery time, total sedation time, efficacy of sedation, adverse effects, and the satisfaction score of treating physicians. Results : Potentially confounding variables, age, weight, injury site and anxiety score, were similar between groups. The induction time, recovery time and total sedation time were not different statistically. In KMA group, 90.9 percent of patients showed satisfactory sedation compared to 66.7 percent of KA group(P=0.02) and the occurrence rate of significant adverse effect was 0.0 percent and 37.0 percent respectively. Conclusion : We found adjunctive midazolam with ketamine doses of 4 mg/kg IM produced more effective, satisfactory sedation and less adverse effect than without midazolam in pediatric laceration repair. The emergence phenomenon(agitation during recovery) only occurred in 9 KA group patients. In spite of adverse effect, all patients recovered, were discharged and there were no reported delayed events.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.183-197
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• 1997

In order to detect the safety and effect of various aqua-acupunctures from Scutellariae Radix, the modifications of boiling, filtration and dilution were employed for the manufacture of aqua-acupunctures. We injected 0.2cc of aqua-acupunctures into Joksamri (足三里) of rat, repeatedly. We compared subacute toxicity of them with saline group, distilled water(D.W.) group, acupuncture group and control group. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The groups were all healthy and alive, and there was no special abnormality in physical condition and autopsy. And there were not any toxic symptoms in repeating application of aqua-acupunctures to the rat, including changes of body weight, organ weight, haematological examination and serum biochemical test. 2. There was slight change of body weight in acupuncture group : We could see significance after 3 days(p<0.05) and after 7 days(p<0.001) in body weight loss. After 9 days, all tested groups were suppressed in body weight increment. 3. Result of organ weight : In Palkang aqua-acupuncture(D-2 group), saline group and acupuncture group there were some statistical significance. Especially, acupuncture group revealed significant result in liver and spleen than aqua-acupunctures. From this result, we could suggest that the efficacy of acupuncture was preceded herbal medicine. 4. In serum biochemical test, we examined glucose(GLU), triglyceride(TG) and cholesterol(CHOL). In comparison with control group, the diluted 10 times of Hwanggum aqua-aqupuncture$({\times}10\;group)$ was recognized significant decrease of glucose, but the diluted 100 times of Hwanggum aqua-acupuncture$({\times}100\;group)$, D-2 group, saline group were confirmed significant increment. There was not any meaningful change of CHOL in all of tested group, excepting the acupuncture group was exhibited statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). In TG level all tested group except complex injection of standard compound(CPA group) and HG, there were significant value iii statistically. The diluted solution was more significant decrease than Hwanggum aqua-acupuncture(HG). The mutual relationship of components of aqua-acupunture tended to decrease level of TG, regardless of its concentration. In acupunture guoup, we gained some interesting result In meaningful decrease in 7G. 5. Haematological examination showed significant increment of granulocytes(GR) in all tested groups except Hwanggum aqua-acupuncture. And the diluted solutions of HG expressed very high increment of them(p<0.001). The GR and Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV) of acupuncture group showed statistical significance.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2011

Human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program is a general procedure for infertile couples since first successful delivery on 1978 in UK and Korean first on 1985. Recently in Korea, more than 42,000 cases per year of IVF-ET were performed and showed good pregnancy rates compared worldwide data. The human IVF-ET procedure use many consumables, such as ovum pick-up (OPU) needles, centrifuge tubes, culture dish, ICSI pipette, culture media and ET catheters. Major of these materials are supported by the global companies. Thus, Korean IVF-ET program might be placed unstable situation by global economical risks. These uncertain problems could be overcome by the domestic production of IVF-ET materials and consumables. Two times questionnaires for Korean clinicians and researchers about the domestic production were performed and analyzed. Many of them requested domestic OPU needles, ET catheters, culture media and ICSI pipettes under good quality control and quality assurance system. This trial may be contributed to industrialization and to global competence of Korean IVF-ET program. The results of this survey can be provide a fundamental base for development and production of domestic materials and consumables for human IVF-ET program.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.935-942
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• 2022

In doing interventional treatment under the guidance of ultrasonography, the medical team detects the legion site with ultrasonic equipment at first, and insert angio needle. In this situation, if the position of legion and the depth of inserted needle on the ultrasonographic screen are different from real position and depth, the needle is likely to damage a major blood vessel or tissue. Accordingly, we had wondered how much such differences between screen image and reality, and so decided to examine them. Using five ultrasonographic equipments manufactured from different companies in different years, this study tried to compare the lengths of the needle on the screen images and real lengths of it, and find out the factors affecting skewness of them. This study used hog meat chunk to mimic human flesh, and sausages as the target of needle. It compared penetrating depths of the needle as the images on the five equipments using single sample t test in the SPSS 22 statistical program. It was found that all the errors were statistically significant(<.05). So, this study decided that it was wrong to evaluate performances of the equipments by the makers and ages of them. It is necessary to do periodic quality controls of equipments and improve the skillfulness of sonographers to reduce error rates between real treatment areas and the images of them.