• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 1998

The water quality of offshore waters around the Korean coast was evaluated by bioassay using gametes, embryoss and early development systems of a sea urchin species Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. The results show that despite the inflows of several river systems, the west coast maintain the grade II water. This is thought to be due to the decrease in pollutant input resulting from the purification of inflow rivers (e.g., the control of waste water discharge and the construction of sewage treatment facilities), and the dilution of pollutants by a strong tidal mixing with a large difference between the ebb and flood tides. However, Asan, Hampyong and Chonsu bays, where circulations of water are relatively poor, and the Kunsan and Mokpo harbors which are influenced by pollutants from neighboring cities have shown the grade III water. The south coast has maintain the grade II or III because developments of sea urchins were moderately or strongly inhibited. Also, Kangjin, Duekryang, Kwangyang, Masan, and Jinhae bays where water circulations are relatively poor, show the grade III water, with strong inhibitions of the early development of sea urchins. The east coast has maintained the grade I and II due to monotonous coastlines and smooth circulation of sea water. However, Chongcho Lake shows the worst water quality due to the breakwater which is constructed to maintain port functions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 2017

Objectives: It is difficult to identify exposure factors in the semiconductor industry due to low exposure levels to hazardous substances and because various processes take place in fabrication (FAB). Furthermore, a single worker often experiences a variety of job histories, so it is difficult to classify similar exposure groups (SEG) in the semiconductor industry. Therefore, we intend to develop a new exposure index, the period of working in FAB, that is applicable to the semiconductor industry. Methods: First, in specifying the classification of jobs, we clearly distinguished whether they were FAB workers or non-FAB workers. We checked FAB working hours per week through questionnaires administered to FAB workers. We derived an exposure index called FAB-Year that can represent the period of working in FAB. FAB-Year is an index that can quantitatively indicate the period of working in FAB, and one FAB-Year is defined as working in FAB for 40 hours per week for one year. Results: A total of 8,453 persons were surveyed, and male engineers and female operators occupied 90% of the total. The average total years of service of the subjects was 9.7 years, and the average FAB-Year value was 6.8. This means that the FAB-working ratio occupies 70% of total years of service. The average FAB-Year value for female operators was 8.4, for male facility engineers it was 7.7, and for male process engineers it was 3.5. A FAB-Year standardization value according to personal information (gender, job group, entry year, retirement year) for the survey subjects can be calculated, and standardized estimation values can be applied to workers who are not participating in the survey, such as retirees and workers on a leave of absence (LOA). Conclusions: This study suggests an alternative method for overcoming the limitations on epidemiological study of the semiconductor industry where it is difficult to classify exposure groups by developing a new exposure index called FAB-Year. Since FAB-Year is a quantitative index, we expect that various approaches will be possible in future epidemiological studies.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

Objectives : Mori Radicis Cortex (MRC), the root epidermis of Morus alba L., has been traditionally used to treat lung-related diseases in Korean Medicine. The common of MRC is Mulberry bark Morus bark, and it's pharmaceutical properties and taste are known as sweet and cold, and it promotes urination and reduce edema by reducing heat from the lungs and soothe asthma. In the present study, anti-apoptotic mechanism of MRC in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in mice. Methods : Two-hundred grams of MRC was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 5 days, and this was repeated one time. After filtration, the methanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. C57BL/6 male mice were housed in an environment with controlled humidity, temperature, and light cycle. In order to determine beneficial effects of MRC on ischemia induced brain damage, infarct volume, neurological deficit scores, activities of several apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-8, -9, Bcl-xL in MCAO-induced brains of mice were analyzed. Mice in MRC-treated groups were orally administered 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of body weight for three consecutive days before commencing the MCAO procedure. Results : Pre-treatment of MRC significantly reduced infarct volume in MCAO subjected mice applied with 300 mg/kg of MRC methanol extract, and MRC effectively inhibited Bcl-xL reduction and caspase-9 activation caused by MCAO-induced brain damage. Conclusions : MRC showed neuro-protective effects by regulating apoptosis-related protein signals, and it can be a potential candidate for the therapy of ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.913-923
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• 2006

목적 : 최근 발치 후 즉시 임플란트 식립은 널리 사용되는 수술 방식이다. 이 연구의 목적은 임플란트 주위 골결손시 Ca-P으로 표면 처리된 이종골을 사용하여 골재생을 평가하기 위함이다. 재료와 방법 : 두 마리의 개 모델에서 하악 소구치와 제일 대구치를 발치하였다. 발치 6주 후 trephine bur를 이용하여 7.5 mm 지름과 5 mm 깊이를 가진 결손부를 형성하였다. 이 후 이 결손부의 중앙에 3.5 mm 지름과 15mm 길이의 fixture(GS II)를 식립하였다. 결과적으로 임플란트와 주변을 둘러싸고 있는 골 사이에는 2.0 mm정도의 gap이 만들어진다. 준비된 결손부 내로 자기골 또는 $Biocera^{(R)}$를 채웠다. 각각 4주, 8주 후 조직 절편을 제작하였다. 조직학적 평가를 위해 Block biopsy를 시행하였다. 결과 : 두 집단 모두 임상적으로 골이 완전히 채워졌다. 자가골이 이식된 부위(control)의 평균 골-임플란트 접촉(BIC)은 각각 4주째 $28.2{\pm}19%$였고, 8주째 $44.9{\pm}9%$였다. $Biocera^{(R)}$가 이식된 부위(test)의 평균 BIC는 각각 4주째 $34.6{\pm}27%$였고, 8주째 $27.6{\pm}23%$였다. 자가골이 이식된 부위(control)의 평균 골밀도는 각각 4주째 $32.7{\pm}25%$, 8주째 $37.4{\pm}17%$였다. 골-임플란트 접촉(BIC)과 골밀도의 평균 비율(%)은 비슷하였다. 조직학적으로 자가골과 이종골 이식 부위 모두 주변골과 잘 조화를 이루었고 유사한 치유 양상이 관찰되었다. 자가골과 이종골 이식 부위간 유의한 차이는 없었다.(P>0.05) 결론 : 임플란트 주위 2 mm의 골 결손부위에 자가골 또는 이종골로 채운 경우 유사한 결과를 얻었다. 이 결과 임플란트 fixture 주위의 골 결손부 해소를 위해 자가골을 대체할 수 있는 재료로 $Biocera^{(R)}$를 사용할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2007

This study analyzed an economic efficiency of oak mushroom cultivation in order to provide data needed for formulating related policies. 88 farmhouses in major producing areas were interviewed with. The average production cost per 100 bed-logs was 151,699 won. Among production costs, material costs accounted for 56.0% and labor costs 41.8%. Oak mushroom cultivation was labor-intensive and labor input was a significant factor determining the production costs. There was 3 7.2% gap in production costs between Chungbuk, the highest cost area and Gyeonggi, the lowest cost area of oak mushroom due to difference in labor input. Average revenue per 100 bed-logs was 178,627 won. Average income per 100 bed-logs, which is variable production costs of 116,613 won subtracted from the revenue, was 62,014 won and thus income rate was 34.7%. Income rate in Jeonbuk, the highest area, was higher than that in Gyeonggi, the lowest area, by 15.8% points due to difference in quantities produced, grade, and variable production costs, in particular, labor costs. The result of the economic analysis indicates that reduction in establishment and labor costs, accounting for the highest portion in production costs is priority issue for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the oak mushroom industry.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.244-251
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• 1999

Self-injurious behavior is often showed in mental retardation, especially in autism. Self-injurious behavior has been regarded as a symptom cluster rather than a disease but it is an emergent clinical situation that can directly affect mortality. This case is about a refractory autistic patient who showed a self-injurious behavior of hitting the head repetitively. He was hospitalized and was treated by pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy and for this reason this clinical experience is reported with literature review. The patient is a 7-year old boy who was ward admitted from 1999 April 20 till July 10 into OO hospital OO ward because of self-injurious behavior. During the 12 weeks he had admission treatment. As for the pharmacotherapy, haloperidol was dosed up from 0.5mg to 1.0mg from the 4th week and combination drug therapy was done during the admission with naltrexone 25-50mg. As for the behavioral therapy, Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior was used and regular play therapy was done. To remove the physical restraint, headgear and hard sleeve was used. Currently, OPD follow up treatment is being done and haloperidol 0.5mg and naltrexone 50mg is maintained. The patient’s mother is educated and play therapy is done an hour daily at home. When the patient was released form the hospital, self-injurious behavior was decreased more than the moderate state and remission state is still being maintained at the outpatient clinic.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.1149-1161
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• 2021

With a trend of the utilization of computer vision for satellite images, cloud detection using deep learning also attracts attention recently. In this study, we conducted a U-Net cloud detection modeling using SPARCS (Spatial Procedures for Automated Removal of Cloud and Shadow) Cloud Dataset with the image data augmentation and carried out 10-fold cross-validation for an objective assessment of the model. Asthe result of the blind test for 1800 datasets with 512 by 512 pixels, relatively high performance with the accuracy of 0.821, the precision of 0.847, the recall of 0.821, the F1-score of 0.831, and the IoU (Intersection over Union) of 0.723. Although 14.5% of actual cloud shadows were misclassified as land, and 19.7% of actual clouds were misidentified as land, this can be overcome by increasing the quality and quantity of label datasets. Moreover, a state-of-the-art DeepLab V3+ model and the NAS (Neural Architecture Search) optimization technique can help the cloud detection for CAS500 (Compact Advanced Satellite 500) in South Korea.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.127-140
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• 2021

At the estuaries of Bonggang and Miryong streams in the Korean southern coast, the spatiotemporal distribution and habitat environment of a nerite snail, Clithon retropictum (Gastropoda: Neritidae), which has been assigned as a legally protected species of Korea, were explored. Physicochemical environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, tidal level distribution as well as biotic environments (chlorophyll-a concentration and epilithic microalgae composition) were monitored every month. The relationships between the environmental factors and spatiotemporal distribution of the nerite snail population were analyzed. Water temperature, salinity, and water level varied by season and lunar tidal rhythm. The spatiotemporal distribution of the nerite snail was mostly related to water salinity. Among epilithic algae which were the priority prey of snails, blue-green algae and green algae dominated in summer and autumn, while diatoms predominated during winter and spring. Chlorophyll-a concentration was highly and positively correlated with the population density of the nerite snail. The correlation coefficients were different depending on the taxon (Family) of epilithic algae. The mean population density was 302.2 inds m^-2 and 271.8 inds m^-2 in Bonggang Stream and Miryong Stream, respectively. The egg capsules of the nerite snail in the two habitats were observed from March (in Bonggang Stream) or April (in Miryong Stream) to August, and newly hatched juveniles recruited in the habitats from August were assessed with regard to frequency distributions of shell width. The occurrence of large-sized snails in upper stream reaches of both Bonggang and Miryong indicated the movement of spats from the mouth to the upper reaches during the whole life cycle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.409-418
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• 2021

As the amount of construction for aerial photography increases, the need for automation of quality inspection is emerging. In this study, an experiment was performed to classify or detect clouds in aerial photos using deep learning techniques. Also, classification and detection were performed by including satellite images in the learning data. As algorithms used in the experiment, GoogLeNet, VGG16, Faster R-CNN and YOLOv3 were applied and the results were compared. In addition, considering the practical limitations of securing erroneous images including clouds in aerial images, we also analyzed whether additional learning of satellite images affects classification and detection accuracy in comparison a training dataset that only contains aerial images. As results, the GoogLeNet and YOLOv3 algorithms showed relatively superior accuracy in cloud classification and detection of aerial images, respectively. GoogLeNet showed producer's accuracy of 83.8% for cloud and YOLOv3 showed producer's accuracy of 84.0% for cloud. And, the addition of satellite image learning data showed that it can be applied as an alternative when there is a lack of aerial image data.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2015

The purposes of this study is to draw up some measures for improving the reliability of certificate bodies of environmentally-friendly agricultural products in Korea. For the purpose, this study investigated the current states of certification system through a survey of the private certificate bodies. Based on the survey, the main goals of this study are as follows : First, the main reason of providing the certification services is the academic-industrial collaboration(21.7%) followed by the revenue seeking of the organizations (20.0%). Second, the average number of cases per private certificate bodies is 277 cases for 1,195 farms, and the average net revenue per authority is estimated as 16.84 million Won with the average total revenue of 262.09 million Won and the average total cost of 255.04 million Won. Third, in order to improve the reliability of the certificate bodies requires a variety of policy options.