• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.659-688
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• 2010

Climate change induced by global warming has recently begun to inspire developed nations to introduce a new paradigm, called the sustainable (Green) growth, which entails both the prevention of environmental pollution and the attainment of sustainable growth. The sustainable (Green) growth is founded upon environmental factors that drive a new force of economic progress without deteriorating nature. Thus, the conservation of the environment under the new growth paradigm can be compatible with economic growth, although this was not feasible under conventional economic relations, called the Environmental Kutzets Curve. Sustainable (Green) finance is essential to achieving Green growth efficiently and effectively. Since the financial system for Green growth is at the early stage of implementation, the application of strategies for sustainable (Green) finance should be preceded by proper initiation and protection from the government. In order to establish a feasible strategy for financing green growth, we suggest an effective financial supporting system, taking different operational forms upon the broader stage of technological progress in each individual company.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.648-656
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• 2022

As environmental regulations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s strategy to reduce greenhouse gases(GHG) are strengthened, technology development such as eco-friendly ships and alternative fuels is expanding. As part of this, ship propulsion technology using energy reduction and wind propulsion technology is emerging, especially in shipping companies and shipbuilders. By securing wind propulsion technology and introducing empirical research into shipbuilding and shipping, a high value-added market using eco-friendly technology can be created. Moreover, by reducing the fuel consumption rate of operating ships, GHG can be reduced by 6-8%. Rotor Sail (RS) technology is to generate a hydrodynamic lift in the vertical direction of the cylinder when the circular cylinder rotates at a constant speed and passes through the fluid. This is called the Magnus effect, and this study attempted to propose a plan to increase propulsion efficiency through a numerical analysis study on turbulence flow characteristics around RS, a wind power assistance propulsion system installed on a ship. Therefore, C_L and C_D values according to SR and AR changes were derived as parameters that affect the aerodynamic force of the RS, and the flow characteristics around the rotor sail were compared according to EP application.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.154-154
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• 2011

화석연료의 가격 및 공급의 불안정과 온실가스감축 국제 규제 강화 등에 대한 대안으로 여기는 신 재생에너지는 높은 초기 투자 부담으로 인하여 관련기술의 연구개발과 보급정책 등 전과정에 걸친 정책 지원체계가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지열에너지를 이용하는 지열냉난방기술에 중점을 두고 이에 대한 중장기 정책 포트폴리오 작성을 위한 기술 및 정책적 접근방안을 제시하고자한다. 지열에너지의 가장 큰 특징은 기후 등에 영향을 크게 부하가 변하는 태양광, 풍력 등과 달리 일정한 부하를 유지함으로써 안정적인 에너지공급이 가능하다는 것이다. 또, 품질 측면에서도 화석연료를 이용한 기존의 연료보다 쾌적한 환경을 조성하여 고급에너지로 평가받고 있다. 반면, 설비를 갖추기 위한 천공, 히트펌프 설치 등에 큰 비용이 든다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 현재 히트펌프 제작기술은 국산화를 완료한 상태로 사실상 기술개발에 의한 큰 폭의 원가절감은 기대하기 힘든 상황이다. 하지만, 유사분야인 시스템 에어컨이 표준화 및 대량생산을 통한 시장 보급 확대로 보급단가가 하락한 것을 고려해 볼 때 이를 통한 가격하락은 어느 정도 기대해 볼 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 에너지 외적인 측면에서 볼 때도 지열에너지의 공급은 상당한 의미를 갖는다. 건물 냉 난방용 이외에 다양한 용도의 개발을 통해 비닐하우스나 온실 등에 지열에너지를 이용할 경우 정부차원에서 농어촌에 대한 지원이 가능하다. 또, 기존의 에너지원을 조달하는데 어려움이 있는 산간, 도서지방에서는 도시지역보다 투자대비 큰 효과를 볼 수 있어 지역간 에너지 불균형 해도에도 도움이 될 수 있다. 이와같은 지열에너지의 특성에 따라 향후 발전방향을 정리해 보았다. 핵심기술인 지열 히트펌프의 산업구조와 시장 보급 확대를 통한 가격하락을 기대한다. 지역개발 및 고립지역에서 타 신 재생에너지와 함께 독립적인 전력, 냉난방 등의 완전 에너지 공급시스템을 갖출 수 있다. 또한 특수 작물 등의 고급 농수산물 생산등의 용도개발을 통해 지열에너지 공급역량을 성장시킬 수 있을 것이다. 이와 함께 중장기 비젼을 제시하기 위해 추진되어야 할 연구과제로는 시장 보급 확대에 따른 가격경쟁력 도달 가능성에 대한 연구를 통해 산업육성 방안 마련, 타 신 재생에너지기술과 복합 설치에 의한 시너지 효과 및 이에따른 초기 투자비 증가에 대한 대책, 보급 잠재량 조사, 지열시스템의 자금 조달 및 관련 정책 검토 등이 있을 수 있다.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.279-309
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• 2009

Greenhouse gas emissions should be precisely forecast to reduce the emissions from industrial production processes. This study calculated the direct and indirect $CO_2$ emission intensities of 401 industries using the Input-Output tables 2003 and statistical data on the amount of energy use. This study had some limitations in drawing study findings because overseas data were used given the lack of domestic data. Other limiting factors included the oil distribution problems in the oil refinery sector, re-review of carbon neutral, and insufficient consideration of waste treatment. Nonetheless, this study is very meaningful since the direct and indirect $CO_2$ emission intensities of 401 industries were calculated. Specifically, this study considered from the zero-waste perspective the effects of waste, which attract interest worldwide since coke gas and gas from the steel industry are obtained as byproducts for the first time in Korea. According to the results of the analysis of $CO_2$ emission intensity per industry, typical industries whose indirect $CO_2$ emission intensity is high include crude steel making, Remicon, steel wire rods & track rail, cast iron, and iron reinforcing rods & bar steel. These industries produce products using the raw materials produced in the industrial sector whose $CO_2$ emission intensity is high. The representative industries whose direct $CO_2$ emission intensity is high include cement, pig iron, lime & plaster products, andcoal-based compounds. These industries extract raw ore from nature and refine them into raw materials that are useful in other industries. The findings in this study can be effectively used for the following case: estimation of target $CO_2$ emission reduction level reflecting each industrial sector's characteristics, calculation of potential emission reduction of each policy to reduce $CO_2$ emissions, identification of a firm's $CO_2$ emission level, and setting of the target level of emission reduction. Moreover, the findings in this study can be utilized widely in fields such as System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting(SEEA) and Material Flow Analysis(MFA) as the current topic of research in Korea.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.3 s.47
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• pp.174-180
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• 2006

The trend and outlook of energy supply and demand have an crucial effect on not only energy sector but also korean economy due to the rapid change of energy environments with continuous high oil price such as dubai crude oil price of above $60 a barrel. Specifically, korea is the 9th largest energy consuming nation in the world and the 97 percentages of energy import totally depends on the import of energy resources in korea. Korean economy is influenced directly by the trend and outlook of world energy on account of that. Moreover, Should korea be the annex 1 country having responsibility for reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000, in 2013, The effectuation of united nations framework convention on climate change will affect korean economy severely. In this study, we analyze the supply and demand of primary energy resources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. we then suggest the optimal alternatives of energy technology development that play an important part, which will be a temporary bridge, in going forward with hydrogen economy in the aspects of energy policy.

• Plant Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.46-51
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• 2017

In this study, the boiler efficiency and the change of boiler combustion state with the burner operation of the uppermost layer of 870MW opposite fired coal boiler were measured. Test results showed that the boiler efficiency was high in the order of the uppermost layer simultaneous operation of the front and rear burners, the front burner, and the rear burner operation. When the front and rear burners were operated simultaneously, the heat absorption rate of water walls in the boiler furnace was uniform at four side, and the temperature deviation of the left and right steam on the convection front surface decreased. As the heat absorption rate of the boiler improved, the loss of boiler exhaust gas decreased and the coal supply amount decreased by 8 tons/hour compared to the operation of the rear burner. This will contribute not only to the reduction of fuel cost but also to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.499-520
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• 2020

Input ratio of electricity to other production inputs in the Korean manufacturing sector has been higher than for the other OECD countries. In addition, electricity prices in Korea has been relatively lower than the average of OECD countries. Moreover, electricity sector is responsible for most CO2 emissions in Korea as coal and natural gas account 41.9% and 26.8% of electricity production as of 2018. Therefore, it looks inevitable to raise the electricity tariff for the manufacturing sector in Korea, but there is a concern that increase in the electricity tariff might affect small and medium enterprises (SMEs) more than large firms. This study estimates electricity demand's price and output elasticities for large firms and SMEs in steel industry by employing a time varying parameter model (Kalman filter). The analysis shows that changes in output levels regardless of firms' size affect electricity demands more significantly than do changes in electricity prices. Second, large firms have higher variances for both price and output elasticities of electricity demand. Third, large firms have higher price elasticity but lower output elasticity of electricity demand relative to SMEs. Policy implications are suggested in association with how to reduce electricity demands in the energy-intensive industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.964-970
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• 2023

As part of the International Maritime Organization ef orts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the maritime industry is exploring low-carbon fuels such as liquefied natural gas and methanol, as well as zero-carbon fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, evaluating them as environmentally friendly alternatives. Particularly, ammonia has substantial operational experience as cargo on transport ships, and ammonia ship engines are expected to be available in the second half of 2024, making it relatively accessible for commercial use. However, overcoming the toxicity challenges associated with using ammonia as a fuel is imperative. Detection is possible at levels as low as 5 ppm through olfactory senses, and exposure to concentrations exceeding 300 ppm for more than 30 min can result in irreparable harm. Using the KORA program provided by the Chemical Safety Agency, an assessment of the potential risks arising from leaks during ammonia bunkering was conducted. A 1-min leak could lead to a 5 ppm impact within a radius of approximately 7.5 km, affecting key areas in Busan, a major city. Furthermore, the potentially lethal concentration of 300 ppm could have severe consequences in densely populated areas and schools near the bunkering site. Therefore, given the absence of regulations related to ammonia bunkering, the potential for widespread toxicity from even minor leaks highlights the requirement for the development of legislation. Establishing an integrated system involving local governments, fire departments, and environmental agencies is crucial for addressing the potential impacts and ensuring the safety of ammonia bunkering operations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.239-251
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• 2024

In this study, a hydrogen fuel cell process based on methanol was developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In Case1, the methanol fuel engine system was designed to investigate the emission of exhaust gas when methanol was supplied as fuel instead of gasoline to the engine. In Case2, a hydrogen fuel cell system was designed by adding a methanol reforming system to Case1. This hybrid system produced gray hydrogen and combined the output of the engine and fuel cell to drive the ship. However, gray hydrogen emits carbon in the process of producing hydrogen. To address this problem, a carbon capture and utilization (CCU) system was added to Case3. The CO2 of the flue gas discharged from Case2 was synthesized with gray hydrogen to produce blue methanol. The results of the case studies revealed that the optimal operating conditions were 220 ℃, 500 kPa, SCR = 1.0, and flow ratio = 0.7. The system of Case3 reduced carbon emissions by 42% compared with that Case1. Thus, the hybrid system of Case3 could considerably reduce the ship's CO2 emissions.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.212-220
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• 2018

Oxy-fuel combustion is considered as a promising greenhouse gas reduction technology in power plant. In this study, the behaviors of NO and $SO_2$ were investigated under the condition that in-furnace $deNO_x$ and $deSO_x$ methods are applied in oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed combustion condition. In addition, the generation trends of $SO_3$, $NH_3$ and $N_2O$ were observed. For the purpose, limestone and urea solution were directly injected into the circulating fluidized bed combustor. The in-furnace $deSO_x$ method using limestone could reduce the $SO_2$ concentration in exhaust gas from ~403 to ~41 ppm. At the same experimental condition, the $SO_3$ concentration in exhaust gas was also reduced from ~3.9 to ~1.4 ppm. This trend is mainly due to the reduction of $SO_2$. The $SO_2$ is the main source of the formation of $SO_3$. The negative effect of $CaCO_3$ in limestone, however, was also appeared that it promotes the NO generation. The NO concentration in exhaust gas reduced to ~26 - 34 ppm by appling selective non-catalytic reduction method using urea solution. The $NH_3$ concentration in exhaust gas was appeared up to ~1.8 ppm during injection of urea solution. At the same time, the $N_2O$ generation also increased with increase of urea solution injection. It seems that the HNCO generated from pyrolysis of urea converted into $N_2O$ in combustion atmosphere. From the results in this study, the generation of other pollutants should be checked as the in-furnace $deNO_x$ and $deSO_x$ methods are applied.