• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.6 no.2 s.12
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• pp.105-117
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• 1998

The main object of this study was to prove the effectiveness of satellite Image data for extraction of the pine needle gall midge damaged area in the part of Kangwon-do area, and to present the detailed procedure of a digital image processing for extraction of those damaged area. The effectiveness of extraction of damaged area was improved by using the BRCT(Backwards Radiance Correction Transformation) with DEM for the normalization of topographic effects. The topographic surface analysis of the extracted damaged area revealed that the general damaged area was at south-west and south-east aspect with the slope of 31 to 38 degrees, the temperature of 21 to 25, and 23% to 39% of the highest altitude mountains. The new damaged area in which expanded area was at 27 to 30 degree of slope, the aspect of 46 to 180 degrees, the temperature of $11^{\circ}C\;to\;12^{\circ}C$ and 27% to 39% of the highest altitude mountains. The NDI(New Damaged Index) was developed using the environment factor and simple vegetation index.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2008

To provide more natural elements in the harsh urban environment, 'planting trees as urban forests' has been emphasized as having an important role, and trees are expected to be as functional as the trees under more natural conditions in rural areas, and provide people with benefits. To do this, urban forest policies needed a better idea of planting methods and management of trees through the theory of landscape ecology, and also the feedback system according to the evaluation and assessment of urban forests. In this case study, a new principle and assessment indices for the evaluation are applied for the 4 urban forests in two Korean metropolitan cities, Daejeon and Ulsan. The evaluation of Korean urban forest-function as biotope and the assessment for the classification of biotope diversity types are carried out. The AUEM(Adding Up Estimation Matrix) is applied for the analysis of urban forests. Unlikely previous researches on the other Korean metropolitan cities, the size of urban forest has less influence on the vegetation diversity. The most frequent biotope grade is the 3rd grade at Namseon park and Mt. Hamwol, while Mt. Bomun and Mt. Yeompo show the 4th grade. The grades of forest-function as biotope are from 3rd to 5th in which lower than average in forest-function grades. This means that the 4 sites are still not-matured forests and less-functional forests as the urban biotope.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2008

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key biophysical variable influencing land surface processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration and energy balance, and is a required input to estimate evapotranspiration in various ecological and hydrological models. The development of more correct and useful LAIs estimation techniques is required by these importance, but LAIs had been assumed in most LAI research through simple relations with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) because the field measurement is difficult on wide area. This paper is to evaluate the MODIS LAI Product's practical use by comparing with LAIs that is derived from NOAA AVHRR NDVIs and the 2 years (2003-2004) measured LAIs of Korea Forest Research Institute in Gyeongancheon watershed (561.12 $Km^2$). As a result, the MODIS LAIs of deciduous forests showed higher values about 14 % and 15~30 % than the measured LAIs and NOAA LAIs. In the year of 2003, the MODIS LAIs in coniferous forests were 5 % higher than the measured LAIs, and showed about 7 % differences comparing with the NOAA LAIs except April. These differences come from the insufficient field data measured in partial points of the target area, and the extracted reference data from MODIS LAIs include the limits of spatial resolution and the error of incorrect land cover classification. Thus, using the MODIS data by the proper correction with the measured data can be useful as an input data for ecological and hydrological models which offers the vegetation information and simulates the water balance of a given watershed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2009

In Korea, Red pine(Pinus densiflora) stands at a very important place, historically, culturally, and emotionally and it is one of the tree species that can produce domestic timber as forest resources economically. The growing space for Red pine forest in Korea is gradually reducing while the space for deciduous tree forests including oak series is gradually increasing. Thus, it is required that the research work should be done on renewal for pine forest retention and its related forest management practices. This research aims at developing stable, sustainable management forests and inducing nature renewal by grasping growth environment and succession process through the pattern of stand and structure analysis of the red pine(Pinus densiflora) for central region. The pine forests in central region were classified into four communities, such as Acer pseudo-sibolianum, Quercus acutissima, Lindera erythrocarpa, and Pinus densiflora and they are showing different characteristics by pattern according to their growing district. There appeared a lot of red pines in the upper layer, but there existed high weight of broad-leaved forest tree species, such as oak series in the middle layer and the appearance of the red pine was meager in the lower layer. Therefore, it appears that the red pine has a high influential ecological strength in terms of correlativity; however, if the red pine in tree layer is dead by aging in nature state with the lapse of time, it is considered that oak species, such as Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrata will be dominant below sub-tree layer. In addition, there appear differences in characteristics and growth pattern of the red pine forest depending on stand pattern, so it is considered that a differential application method should be employed in the pine forest management.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.279-287
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• 2015

The present research was carried out in order to investigate the occurrence of problematic weed species in Cnidium officinale Makino. Field in South Korea. Total 53 sites of the 3 different regions in S. Korea were investigated from May to October, 2014. In Cnidium officinale fields, the identified weeds were distributed in 35 families and 99 species. Total 5 communities that consist of Commelina communis, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Persicaria vulgaris, Chenopodium album-Acalypha australis, and Galinsoga ciliata dominated the appearance. The weeds occurred in Cnidium officinale fields were divided into three groups in principal component plot analysis (PCA). It was observed that in control weeds plots; 20 plants of Cnidium officinale fresh weight is 739.9 g while the uncontrolled plots have no Cnidium officinale plants. The current investigation could be useful for estimation of future weeds occurrence, weed flora dynamics and establishment of weed control methods in Cnidium officinale fields in Korea.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.458-468
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to define U-Eco City services and to analyze the possibility and easiness of application in urban space. The most significant meaning of this study is that these results could be used as the design and planning guidelines for integrated U-Eco City. This study progress as follows; First, U-Eco City concept and their services were defined and the spatial units of U-Eco City were distinguished through literature review. Second, U-Eco City spaces are classified into four levels such as building, street, facility and district. Finally, the application of U-Eco city services was analyzed together by the statistical technique of cross-tabulation. 35.7% of U-city services was serviced in urban district and 38.8% of Eco City services was applied to Building. U-City and/or Eco city services were adapted differently according to the urban spatial hierarchy. Those services should be applied in terms of the characteristics of urban space in designing and planning U-Eco City.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1986

To compare the fungal distribution of matsutake-producing (Tricholoma matsutake) stand with that of non-producing stand, mushrooms on forest floor were collected in September of 1984 from 28-year-old non-producing and 55-year-old matsutake-producing stands of Pinus densiflora in Kangwon Province. A total of 18 fungal species in 12 genera were collected from a non-producing stand, and all the species except one were putative ectomycorrhizal. Common genera in non-producing stand included Suillus, Russula, Lactarius, Hydnum, and Amanita. From a matsutake-producing stand a total of 30 fungal species in 22 genera were collected, of which 22 species were ectomycorrhizal. Common genera in the producing stand included Hydnum, Tricholoma, Laccaria, and Cantharellus. Common species in both stands were six species only. It is concluded that matsutake-producing stand had more diversified fungal population than non-producing stand, probably because of higher contents of organic matters in soil and better development of understory vegetation through the ageing of the stand.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

Mt. Deogyusan, 1,614m in altitude, is located in the southwest of South Korea. Around Mt. Duckyu, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is the graceful figure of Mt. Duckyu, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefore, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from July to August, 2003. Weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 8 communities and 4 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Carex bostrychostigma subcommunity, A-b: Artemisia princeps var. orientalis subcommunity, B: Sasa borealis community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Veratrum parulum subcommunity, C: Rubus crataegifolius community, D: Hosta longipes community, E: Tripterygium regelii community, F: Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community, G: Carex okamotoi community, H: Lespedeza maximowiczii community. The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 34 families, 83 genera, 12 varieties, and 92 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Rubus crataegifolius, Sasa borealis and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.3 no.1_2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1980

This paper contains the results obtained by ecological investigation of flora in Muie Island of Incheon Harbor in the western coast in Korea. 14 varieties, 147 species, 57 families and 142 genera of Tracheophyta were recorded by field investigations conducted over three times in May and July, 1976 and August, 1980. The flora of this island showed a plant community predominated by Pinus densiflora grown in miggle with Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata and Rhododendron mucronulatum. Generally, the number of plant species was scarce, but it was an unexpected result that such remote mountainous plants as Lysimachia clethroides, Syneilesis palmate and Lilium disticum etc. were encountered in a wood surrounding Seohwang-dang, the shrine of a tutelary deity, on 126-Meter Hill at the northern end of the island. There also countered in Hoyong mountain valley were deciduous broad-leaved forests without pine tree which mainly consisted of Prunus leveilleana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Platycarya strofilada, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima and Acer mono. In addition, herbaceous plants, such as Syneilesis palmata, Codonopsis lanceolata and Lysima barystachy were grown as the undergrowth of these forests. Drosera rotundifolia, an unlooked-for plant, appeared in the middle of the eastern coast of the island. Camellia jpaonica was gro주 spontaneously in Deogjeog Island 26km southwest from the island, while no evergreen broa-leaved tree could be located except 2 species of Vitex rotundifolia and Euonyhmus japonica. It may be considered that such simple flora of this island compared with that of land is attributed to the fact that the formation of the former took place in the period far latter than that of the latter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.711-715
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• 2006

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of habitats and small rodent populations between remnant removed and left areas caused by different remnant treatment on forest floor in fired coniferous forest, Mt Gumbong, Samcheok, Korea, There were higher value of variables of understory coverage, snags, downed coarse woody debris (CWD) in natural restored area. Mean number of captured individuals and body weights of Apodemus peninsulae and Eothenomys regulus were more higher in remnant left area than in removed area, The differences in density and body weight of small rodents would be related with habitats between both study areas. The remove of remnant trees on the forest floor would not be good for small rodents. The more detailed and long-term researches would be needed for proper restoration in fired forest area.