• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.135-145
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• 2014

The mountain forest vegetation of Gyebangsan (1,577 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine deciduous forest, plantation forest, and other vegetation which includes Actinidia argute community and agricultural land. As for the number of communities distributed in the each forest vegetation which were categorized by the physiognomy classification, deciduous broad-leaved forest had 33 communities, mountain valley forest 41 communities, coniferous forest 8 communities, subalpine coniferous forest 4 communities, subalpine deciduous forest 2 communities, plantation forest 6 communities and other vegetation 4 communities. Regarding the distribution rate of communities in the vegetation, in the deciduous broad-leaved forest. Quercus mongolica community accounted for 80.226% with $30,909,942.967m^2$, followed by Quercus variabilis community of 2.771% with $1,067,479.335m^2$. 55.463% of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Gyebangsan had Quercus mongolica as a dominant or second dominant species. In the mountain valley forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Juglans mandshurica community accounted for 10.955%. And there were ten mixed communities having Fraxinus rhynchophylla and upper layer at a similar level of coverage, taking up 32.776%. In the coniferous forest, Pinus densiflora and the community living with Pinus densiflora accounted for 100%, showing that the coniferous forest has the community with Pinus densiflora as a dominant species at upper layer. For other vegetation, subalpine coniferous forest had a total of four communities including Abies holophylla - Quercus mongolica community, and accounted for 4.980% of vegetation area of Odaesan National Park. Two communities including Betula ermani - Cornus controversa community were found in the subalpine deciduous forest, taking up 0.006% of total vegetation area of Odaesan National Park. Regarding plantation forest, Larix leptolepis was planted the most with 51.652%, followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica with 38.975%, and Pinus koraiensis with 7.969%. These three species combined accounted for 98.565%. In conclusion, the forest vegetation found in the Gyebangsan of Odaesan National Park has Quercus mongolica as a dominant species at the top layer. A lot of other communities related with this species are expected to be quickly replaced due to vegetation succession and climatic causes. Therefore, Quercus mongolica is expected to become the main species in the deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Juglans mandshurica and Fraxinus mandshurica in the mountain valley forest. Around the border line between deciduous broad-leaved forest and mountain valley forest, highly humid valley area is expected to be quickly taken up by Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica, and the slope area by Quercus mongolica. However, in the subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved trees is expected to increase due to climate warming.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.99-112
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• 2021

This study was performed to predict spatial change of future forestland area in South Korea at regional level for supporting forest-related plans established by local governments. In the study, land use was classified to three types which are forestland, agricultural land, and urban and other lands. A logistic regression model was developed using transitional interaction between each land use type and topographical factors, land use restriction factors, socioeconomic indices, and development infrastructures. In this model, change probability from a target land use type to other land use types was estimated using raster dataset(30m×30m) for each variable. With priority order map based on the probability of land use change, the total annual amount of land use change was allocated to the cells in the order of the highest transition potential for the spatial analysis. In results, it was found that slope degree and slope standard value by the local government were the main factors affecting the probability of change from forestland to urban and other land. Also, forestland was more likely to change to urban and other land in the conditions of a more gentle slope, lower slope criterion allowed to developed, and higher land price and population density. Consequently, it was predicted that forestland area would decrease by 2027 due to the change from forestland to urban and others, especially in metropolitan and major cities, and that forestland area would increase between 2028 and 2050 in the most local provincial cities except Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Jeju Island due to locality extinction with decline in population. Thus, local government is required to set an adequate forestland use criterion for balanced development, reasonable use and conservation, and to establish the regional forest strategies and policies considering the future land use change trends.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.80-80
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• 1999

본 연구는 목초지 및 야초지에 자생하는 주요초종에 대해 생태적 반응(생태가)를 부여하여 식생구성에 의한 초지의 토양 환경생태를 평가하는데 기여코자 하였다. 각 초종에 대한 생태가는 수분가 1-12, 토양반응가 및 질소가를 각각 1-9 등급으로 구분하였으며 먼저 우리나라의 초지 및 산지초지에서 발생빈도가 높은 141 초종에 대해서 생태가를 부여하였다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.101-120
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• 1997

도매업은 여러 가지 기준에 의해서 분류될 수 있다. 우선, 산업별분류에 의한 \circled1생산재도매업과 \circled2소비재도매업으로, 상품구성기준에 따라서 \circled1단품도매업, \circled2전문도매업, \circled3복합도매업, \circled4종합도매업 등으로 구분할 수 있다. 그리고 상권기준에 따라서 \circled1전국도매업, \circled2권역도매업, \circled3지방도매업으로, 입지기준에 따라서 \circled1산지도매업, \circled2집산지도매업, \circled3소비지도매업 등으로 나눌 수 있다. (중략)

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.811-819
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze determinants of mountainous and coastal area's housing value caused by the characteristics of the natural environment. As the current issue of housing value is throwing the spotlight on the climate change recently, environmental features are significantly important than before. There were a lot of studies on the influence of environmental characteristics to the housing price but these studies were mostly dealing with the housing price in especially apartments nearby Han-river in Seoul, South Korea. To have differences with existing studies, environmental characteristics estimating housing value are classified as 8 elements including the view, the wind speed, and the humidity. The result of this study is in following; there were few significant environmental variables in mountainous housing value growth model. This means people living in mountainous area recognize on environmental factors more such as housing or complex characteristics. People living in coastal area are much more sensitive environment variables in their residence value than mountainous area. Especially, the view for the ocean is the most important variable in housing value, and wind speed is second positively significant. Humidity and safety of disaster are negatively significant variables.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2019

Landslides occur due to heavy rainfall in the summer season. Some of water may infiltrate into the ground; it causes a high saturation condition capable of causing a landslide. Soil properties are crucial in estimating slope stability and debris flow occurrence. The main study areas are Gwanaksan, Suraksan and Bukhansan (Mountain) in Seoul. A total of 44 soil samples were taken from the study area; and a series of geotechnical tests were performed. Physical and mechanical properties were obtained and compared based on region. As a result, among well-graded soils, they are classified as a clayey sand. Coarse-grained and fine-grained contents are approximately 95% and 5%, respectively, with very low amount of clay content. Density, liquid limit and dry unit weight are ranged in $2.62{\sim}2.67g/cm^3$, 27.93~38.15% and $1.092{\sim}1.814g/cm^3$. Cohesion and internal friction angle are 4 kPa and $35^{\circ}$ regardless of mountain area. Coefficient of permeability is varied between $3.07{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}4.61{\times}10^{-2}cm/sec$; it means that it results in great seepage. Permeability is inversely proportional to the uniformity coefficient and is proportional to the effective particle size. In the formal case, there was a difference by mountain area, while in the latter, the tendency was almost similar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 1990

The forest communities of this area were studied phytosociologically by the method of Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier school. 1) Forest vegetation in this area divided into mountain forest(Pinus densiflora-Alnus hirsuta community) and plateau(Basin) forest(Weigela subsessilis-Athyrium yokoscense community). 2) Mountain forest(I. Pinus densiflora-Alnus hirsuta community) divided into I-A. Carpinus laxiflora group, I-B. Acer mono group., I-A. Carpinus laxiflora group is further subdivided into I-A-1. Styrax obassia subgroup, I-A-2. Lindera erythrocarpa subgroup, I-A-3. Typical subgroup, I-A-4. Zanthoxylum schinifolium subgroup. 3) Plateau(Basin) forest(II. Weigela subsessilis-Athyrium yokoscense community.) divided into II-A. Carpinus laxiflora group, II-B. Carpinus cordata-Actinidia arguta group, II-C. Typical group. II-A. Carpinus laxiflora group is further subdivided into II-A-1. Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa subgroup, II-A-2. Typical subgroup. II-A-3. Acer mono subgroup. The flora of vasicula plants distributed in Mt. Kasan area was 105 families 350 genera, 515 species, 87 varieties, 2 subspecies and 12 formae in total 616 taxa (This amount to some 64.7% of the whole plant (952 kinds) in Mt. Palgong nature area.).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.3 s.108
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• pp.253-273
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• 2005

In recent years, there are strong social demands to characterize the spatial distribution of mountains in Korea. This study aims to develop a 'Sanjulgi-Jido(mountain ridge map)' that might be used not only to satisfy these social demands but also to effectively present the spatial distribution of mountains and drainage basins in the Korean Peninsular. The 'Sanjulgi-Jido' developed in this study is a map that presents the continuity of mountains based on the drainage divides that are delineated by a pre-defined drainage basin size and elevation. This study first validated the Bakdudaegan system through the analyses of a digital elevation model. The Bakdudaegan system has long been recognized as the Koreans traditional conceptual framework to characterize the spatial distribution of mountains. The analyses showed that the Bakdudaegan system has several problems to represent the mountain systems in Korea, which includes 1) the lack of the representativeness of drainage basins, 2) inaccuracy to depict the boundary of drainage basins, 3) the lack of representativeness of mountains, and 4) geo-polical issue that confines the spatial extent of mountain systems within the Korean Peninsular. In order to represent the mountains system in a more quantitative manner, we applied several terrain analysis techniques to understand the spatial distribution of mountains and drainage basins. Based on these analyses, we developed an hierarchical system to classify the continuity (If mountains, which are presented as the spatial distribution of drainage divides with a certain elevation. The first-order Sanjulgi is the drainage divides whose drainage basin are bigger than $5,000km^2$ and the point elevation is above 100m. The next order Sanjulgi is delineated as the size of drainage basin is successively divided by two. This kind of design is able to provide a logical framework to present the mountain systems at different details, depending on the purpose and scale of maps. We also provide several empirical functions to calculate various geomorphological indices for each order of Sanjulgi. The 'Sanjulgi Jido' is similar with the Bakdudaegan system, since it characterizes the continuity of mountains based on the spatial distribution of the drainage divide. It, however, has more scientific criteria to define the scale and continuity of mountains. It should be also noted that the 'Sanjulgi Jido' proposed has different logical and methodological background, compared with the mountain range map that explains the genesis of mountain systems in addition to the continuity of mountains.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.04a
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• pp.179-179
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• 2013

산림 내 시설은 산불 발생 시 접근성의 제한과 인접된 환경의 위험성으로 인해 큰 피해가 예상되는 시설이다. 또한 이러한 시설은 문화적 가치가 높은 문화재이거나, 사회적 파급효과가 큰 사회 간접 시설이 많아 이에 대한 효율적인 관리 방법의 제시가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 산림내 시설의 정의와 위험성 구분을 위해, GIS를 이용하여 산림 내 시설의 지형적 환경을 분석하였다. 따라서, 수치 지형도에 의해 335개소의 산지 전용 가능 시설물을 추출한 뒤, 이를 통해 고도, 경사, 능선상의 위치를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 문화재와 광산시설, 장례시설이 산불로부터 취약할 것으로 예상되며, 시설물의 분류 시설물 중 30%가 산림 내 시설물로 분석되었다. 보다 향후 추가적인 연구와 사례 검증을 통한 연구를 통한 지속적인 보강이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.