• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2000

In this study, by-products of rice bran, rice hull, bean curd dregs and food waste were fermented with different ratios of 26, 26, 34 and 14% respectively and the experimental diets were prepared mixing it with various ratios of commercial diets (fermented feed commercial feed : A 80 : 20, B 70 : 30, C 60 : 40, D 50:50). In Experiment I, feed intake, nutrients digestibilities and nitrogen retention were investigated and body weight gain in Experiment 1. For chemical composition of experimental diets, crude protein contents were 13.73, 13.78, 14.45 and 15.14% in A, B, C and D respectively and the contents of crude fat and crude fiber were highest in A as 8.66 and 27.82% respectively. 2. Dry hurler intakes were significantly higher (P<0.05) in A(362.06g/d) and C(358.49g/d) than B and D. Intakes of crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different (P>0.05) among treatments however those of crude fiber and crude ash were significantly higher (P>0.05) in A(101.47g/d). 3. Dry matter digestibilities in the range of 53.38∼68.81% in all treatments have shown the highest value in C of 60% fermented feed plus 40% commercial diet but the lowest in A of 80% of fermented feed plus 20% commercial diet (P<0.05). 59.85% of digestibility of crude protein in A was also lowest among all treatments (p<0.05), 4. 8.47g/d of nitrogen intake in C was recorded highest (P<0.05) however the highest nitrogen retention was marked in B of 50% fermented feed plus 50% of commercial diet due mainly to lower excretion of nitrogen through feces. 5. The data of live weight gain in Experiment II has not been shown as a result since the proper daily gain of body weight was achieved only in D as 88.89g/d and the goats in other treatments have shown frequent diarrhea. However, neglecting the animals with diarrhea, higher amounts of concentrates in the diets (C and D) showed the tendency of higher weight gain. 6. In this study, feeding 60% fermented feed manufactured with domestic agricultural by-products of rice bran, rice hull, bean curd dregs and food waste to Korean native goats have shown satisfactory results of intake and digestibility and it indicates that utilization of domestic agricultural by-products in goats could be improved by the process of fermentation. However it's effects on body weight gain and nitrogen retention were below than expected. Different sources of feedstuff for fermentation may result in different performances of animals. However, to draw overall conclusion from this study, 50∼60% of fermented feed can be recommended in the case of mixing with concentrates.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.122-126
• /
• 2001

The effect of the fermented food wastes (FFW) on growth performance and feeding efficiency war investigated in growing-finishing pigs. Four treatments with different mixing rates [0% FFW (100% commercial diet: control) ; 25% FFW ; 50% FFW ; and 100% FFW] were tried. Twenty heads of cross-bred barrows ($Duroc\;{\times}\;Landrace$, average live weight : 28.5 kg) were divided into 4 treatments with 5 replicates. During entire feeding trial (10 to 27 week), average daily gain increased by 29.4% and 13.9% in 25% FFW and 50% FFW, but decreased by 38.2% in 100% FFW compared to control. Daily feed intake was the highest in 25% FFW and it greatly decreased in 50% and 100% FFW feeding. The amount of feeds required for weight gain was similar with control in 25% FFW or significantly decreased in 50% FFW, while greatly increased in 100% FFW feeding. Cost of feeds per kg weight gain was decreased by 28.6%, 49.4% and 32.6% in 25%, 50% and 100% FFW, respectively. The results showed that replacement up to 50% with fermented food wastes was advantageous with respect to feed efficiency and feed cost, but 100% FFW feeding was disadvantageous because of a very low feed efficiency.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the economic analysis of fermented diet made of agricultural and marine by-products such as, dropped apples, persimmon shells, mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by-products, king oyster mushroom by-products and brewer's grain in Berkshire or crossed pigs. The daily diet cost were decreased by 2.16~3.44%, 3.83~13.35% and 7.47~41.61% when fermented dropped apples diet, fermented persimmon shells diet and fermented mushroom (F. velutipes) by-products diet were fed to Berkshire pigs. The daily feed cost was also decreased by 1.59~4.05% and 59.09~66.90% when fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet and fermented brewer's grain diet were fed to crossed pigs. Carcass prices were increased by 3.09%, 1.20~3.40% and 1.13% when 2% fermented dropped apples diet, fermented persimmon shells diet and 0.5~1.0% fermented mushroom (F. velutipes) by-products diet were fed to Berkshire pigs. Carcass prices were increased by 2.87~4.19% and 41.31~49.14% when fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet and fermented brewer's grain were fed to crossed pigs. Therefore, fermented agro by-products diet of dropped apples, persimmon shells, king oyster mushroom, mushroom (F. velutipes) and brewer's grain was expected to improve swine farms income due to decreased diet cost and increased carcass prices in Berkshire pigs or crossed pigs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2002

Diets containing 0.02 to 10.0% EM-fermented orange (EFO) were fed to Paralichthys olivaceus(8.5 g), which were reared in flow-through system for 16 weeks. Groups fed on diets containing 0.1 and 0.2% EFO grew significantly faster; their feed coefficient and daily feeding rate were also higher. The number of goblet cells present in the mid-intestine of the fish receiving dietary EFO was significantly more. Total cholesterol level in plasma of the fish fed with 0.02% EFO was lower. However, there was no significant difference in GOT and GPT among the groups receiving different levels of EFO.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.471-478
• /
• 2021

Effective microorganisms (EM), which are sources of fermentation byproducts in herbal medicine, were compared with oyster mushrooms(OM) to identify alternative larval feeds for white-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis). The nutritional composition of each fermented feed was analyzed. The content of crude protein, crude fat, and fiber was higher in the OM fermented feed, except for crude ash. No difference in nutritional content of larvae based on fermented feed was observed. A comparative weekly analysis of the live weights of larvae was based on the fermented feed used. The average weight was significantly higher in the feeds using EM and OM from third week of observation. The larval survival rate in the presence of fermented feed was 96.7% compared with 9.8% with non-fermented feed. The results suggest that fermented food source is essential for the growth of white-spotted flower chafer, and OM was a stable alternative to EM as a fermentation source for the survival of white-spotted flower chafer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.397-408
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the feeding effects of FFWBG (fermented feedstuff with wet brewer’s grain) and GS(grinding soybean) in Hanwoo steers. For this research, total twenty steers(average body weight : 455.7$\pm$25.9kg) were grouped into control(formula feed), T1(formula feed:FFWBG=60:40), T2(formula feed:GS=80:20), T3(formula feed:FFWBG:GS=50:40:10), and T4(formula feed: FFWBG:GS=40:40:20), each treatment was allocated to four steers. There was a tendency to be increased average daily gain in T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared with the control even though no statistical significance was found. The feed conversion of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were beneficially better than that of control(P<0.05; 8.25, 9.44, 6.69 and 7.71 vs 11.90, respectively). The blood urea nitrogen concentration of T4 was higher than that of control(P<0.05), but the creatinine concentration of T4 was lower than that of control(P<0.05). The glucose concentration of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were higher than that of control(P<0.05; 59.39, 62.44, 62.17 and 54.00 vs 51.00mg/$d\ell$, respectively). The back-fat thickness of T3 was thicker than that of control, T1, T2 and T4. The rib-eye area of T1, T3 and T4 was wider than that of control. Appearances percentage of ‘A’ ranked meat quantity were 66, 33, 75 and 33% in control, T1, T2 and T4, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2008

A study was conducted to determine the effect of alcohol-fermented feedstuff formulated with byproducts on the fermentation characteristics and dry matter disappearance in the rumen. Dietary treatments were either a soybean curd-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff(AFS) and brewery grain-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff(AFB). The AFS and AFB are composed of 50% commercial beef cattle feed, 50% soybean curd dreg, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast, and 25% commercial beef cattle feed, 25% brewery grain, 25% soybean curd dreg, 25% corn grit, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast, respectively. The ruminally cannualted Korean cattle were utilized to investigate the change of ammonia, pH alcohol, volatile fatty acids, and DM digestibility at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hr after feeding. The rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly lower in AFS and AFB with incubation time, especially at 6 hr incubation(AFS, 0.7 mg/dl; AFB, 1.5 mg/dl; control 2.5 mg/dl). Lower rumen pH was observed in AFS and AFB during the early stage of incubation, but no significant difference was found at late stage of incubation. The total VFA concentrations were not affected by diet treatments at 2 hr incubation time, but the concentration significantly decreased after that. The dry matter disappearance was significantly lower in AFS and AFB during the early stage of incubation. However, the dry matter disappearance of AFS and AFB was similar to that of control during the late stage of incubation. It is concluded that the industrial byproducts such as soybean curd dreg and brewery grain were effective materials to make an alcohol fermented feedstuffs and resulted in better fermentation characteristics in the rumen when both were applied to Hanwoo.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.100-110
• /
• 2000

Studies were conducted to know effects of the bulking agents (saw dusts, mushroom waste, wheat bran coconut meal, rice hulls) adding o moisture control, fermentation methods (aerobic and anaerobic) and periods (1 to 20 days) of food waste fermentation for animal feeds on chemical compositions and in vitro DDM (digestibility of dry matter). Experiment designs were focussed basically to obtain extension service data. The NDF (neutral detergent fiber) composition in the oak and pine saw dust were 93.5% and 95.4% (DM basis) in respectively. Thus, the fermented food waste feeds using saw dust (50%) increased NDF(12%), and decreased in vitro DDM(48%) compared to those of raw materials before aerobic fermentation. The oak saw dust showed higher DDM compared to pine. Mushroom wastes which is a residues of mushroom culture mixed originally willow saw dust (80%) and wheat bran (20%) showed quite higher feed value compared to both saw dusts. It was found that an in vitro DDM and NDF composition in fermented feeds appeared highly dependent or the NDF composition in bulking agents. With an increase wheat bran ratio substitute mushroom waste showed linearly decreased NDF, and increased in vitro DDM in the fermented food waste feeds. The fermented feeds added bottling agents composed higher NDF resulted in higher NDF and lower in vitro DDM with prolonged fermentation time. The feeds from anaerobic fermentation appeared lower NDF and higher in vitro DDM compared to those of aerobic fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted in order to determine a proper level of molasses addition through the analysis of changes in appearance, nutritive and silage parameters before and after ensiling or deepstacking of broiler litter, to evaluate the effect of pelleting processed broiler litter and to develop methods to enhance palatability of broiler litter and reduce the adjustment period by ‘Hanwoo’ steers. Molasses addition was effective in ensiling and deepstacking of broiler litter and the proper addition level was about 5%. Changes in nutritive values of broiler litter by ensiling and deepstacking with or without molasses treatment were not great. Adding 5% molasses at deepstacking of broiler litter did not affect(P<0.05) in vitro digestion of dry matter and organic matter. Pelleting of broiler litter resulted in significant(P<0.05) moisture evaporation, organic matter reduction and nearly threefold increase of bulk density. Pelleting or molasses addition of broiler litter improved palatability by ‘Hanwoo’ steers and reduced the adjustment period by half(8-9 d).

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.236-243
• /
• 2012

Spent mushroom substrates is composted organic material remaining after a crop of mushroom is harvested. The raw materials of mushroom substrates are same feed ingredient as corncobs, rice brown, wheat brown, cotton seeds and beet pulp. During the mushroom cultivation process, the mushroom substrates was used 15-25% by mushroom and 75-85% of mushroom substrates was remained in the SMS. Among of the spent mushroom substrates, spent mushroom substrates of pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammuliua velutipes is can be use the energy feedstock of animal feed. The cellulose content of spent mushroom(pleurotus eryngii) substrates containing the sawdust was high and total digestible nutrients (TDN) values was low. The spent mushroom(pleurotus eryngii) substrates fermented with cellulase and xylanase producing bacteria is may be used as an ingredient of feed in TMR for Hanwoo steer.