• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2018

Thermoelectric thin film modules were fabricated by electroplating p-type $Sb_2Te_3$and n-type $Bi_2Te_3$ thin film legs with the same thickness of $20{\mu}m$ and different diameters of $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, and $500{\mu}m$, respectively. The output voltage and output power of thin film modules were measured and compared as a function of the leg diameter. The modules processed with thin film legs of $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, and $500{\mu}m$-diameter exhibited open circuit voltages of 365 mV at ${\Delta}T=36.7K$, 142 mV at ${\Delta}T=37.5K$, and 53 mV at ${\Delta}T=36.1K$, respectively. Maximum output powers of $845{\mu}W$ at ${\Delta}T=36.7K$, $631{\mu}W$ at ${\Delta}T=37.5K$, and $276{\mu}W$ at ${\Delta}T=36.1K$ were obtained for the modules fabricated with the thin film legs of $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, and $500{\mu}m$-diameter, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.299-309
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• 2003

Let ${\pi}_1,...,{\pi}_{k}$k($\geq$2) independent logistic populations such that the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of an observation from the population ${\pi}_{i}$ is $$F_{i}\;=\; {\frac{1}{1+exp{-\pi(x-{\mu}_{i})/(\sigma\sqrt{3})}}},\;$\mid$x$\mid$<\;{\infty}$$ where ${\mu}_{i}(-{\infty}\; < \; {\mu}_{i}\; <\; {\infty}$ is unknown location mean and ${\delta}^2$ is known variance, i ＝ 1,..., $textsc{k}$. Let ${\mu}_{[k]}$ be the largest of all ${\mu}$'s and the population ${\pi}_{i}$ is defined to be 'good' if ${\mu}_{i}\;{\geq}\;{\mu}_{[k]}\;-\;{\delta}_1$, where ${\delta}_1\;>\;0$, i = 1,...,$textsc{k}$. A selection procedure based on sample median is proposed to select a subset of $textsc{k}$ logistic populations which includes all the good populations with probability at least $P^{*}$(a preassigned value). Simultaneous confidence intervals for the differences of location parameters, which can be derived with the help of proposed procedures, are discussed. If a population with location parameter ${\mu}_{i}\;<\;{\mu}_{[k]}\;-\;{\delta}_2({\delta}_2\;>{\delta}_1)$, i ＝ 1,...,$textsc{k}$ is considered 'bad', a selection procedure is proposed so that the probability of either selecting a bad population or omitting a good population is at most 1­ $P^{*}$.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.370-377
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• 1997

A novel assay method is described for rapid quantitation of reaction rate of sterol ${\Delta}^7$-reductase (${\Delta}^7$-SR) which catalyzes reduction of the ${\Delta}^7$-double bond of sterols. Of six different organ tissues-liver, small intestine, brain, lung, kidney, and testis-. ${\Delta}^7$-SR activity was detected only in liver (2.30 nmol/min/mg protein) and testis (0.11 nmol/min/mg protein). Using a newly developed method which employs diet-induced enzyme proteins and ergosterol as substrate, we assessed both kinetics ($K_m=210\;{\mu}M$, $V_{max}=1.93\;nmol/min/mg$) and inhibition of the rat hepatic ${\Delta}^7$-SR against well-studied cholesterol lowering agents such as triparanol ($IC_{50}=16\;{\mu}M$). 3-$\beta$-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one (U18666A) ($IC_{50}=5.2\;{\mu}M$), and trans-1.4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride (AY-9944) ($IC_{50}=0.25\;{\mu}M$). Of the three well-known AY-9944-sensitive cholesterogenic enzymes (i.e., ${\Delta}^7$-SR, sterol ${\Delta}^8$-isomerase, and sterol ${\Delta}^14$-reductase). ${\Delta}^7$-SR was found to be the most sensitive enzyme with a noncompetitive inhibition of this compound ($K_i=0.109\;{\mu}M$). Substrate specificity studies of the microsomal ${\Delta}^7$-SR indicate that the relative reaction rate for 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are 5.6-fold and 1.6-fold higher than that for lathosterol. ${\Delta}^7$-SR activity was also modulated by feeding rats a diet supplemented with 0.5% ergosterol (>2.6-fold) in addition to 5.0% cholestyramine plus 0.1% lovastatin ($\simeq$5.0-fold). Finally, microsomal ${\Delta}^7$-SR was solubilized by 1.5% 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and enriched on PEG (0~10%) precipitation, which should be suitable for further purification of the enzyme.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.2117-2124
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• 2013

The binding properties and sequence selectivities of ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ (bip = 4,4'-biphenylene (imidazo [4,4-f][1,10]phenanthroline) complexes with $poly[d(A-T)_2]$ and $poly[d(G-C)_2]$ were investigated using conventional spectroscopic methods. When bound to $poly[d(A-T)_2]$, a large positive circular dichroism (CD) spectrum was induced in absorption region of the bridging moiety for both the ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complexes, which suggested that the bridging moiety sits in the minor groove of the polynucleotide. As luminescence intensity increased, decay times became longer and complexes were well-protected from the negatively charged iodide quencher compared to that in the absence of $poly[d(A-T)_2]$. These luminescence measurements indicated that Ru(II) enantiomers were in a less polar environment compared to that in water and supported by minor groove binding. An angle of $45^{\circ}$ between the molecular plane of the bridging moiety of the ${\Delta}{\Delta}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complex and the local DNA helix axis calculated from reduced linear dichroism ($LD^r$) spectrum further supported the minor groove binding mode. In the case of ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complex, this angle was $55^{\circ}$, suggesting a tilt of DNA stem near the binding site and bridging moiety sit in the minor groove of the $poly[d(A-T)_2]$. In contrast, neither ${\Delta}{\Delta}$-nor ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complex produced significant CD or $LD^r$ signal in the absorption region of the bridging moiety. Luminescence measurements revealed that both the ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complexes were partially accessible to the $I^-$ quencher. Furthermore, decay times became shorter when bis-Ru(II) complexes bound to $poly[d(G-C)_2]$. These observations suggest that both the ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ complexes bind at the surface of $poly[d(G-C)_2]$, probably electrostatically to phosphate group. The results indicate that ${\Delta}{\Delta}$- and ${\Lambda}{\Lambda}-[{\mu}-Ru_2(phen)_4(bip)]^{4+}$ are able to discriminate between AT and GC base pairs.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 1980

Quantitative assessment of edge blunting of saw-teeth was carried out by TALYSURF. 1. Using the following equation, the real shape of a saw-tooth can be traced on the graph of TALYSURF. ${\frac{{\Delta}h}{h}}={\frac{V{\Delta}_x}{V_x}}$ {${\Delta}h$: vertical distance of stylus h: vertical distance in chart $V{\Delta}_x$: Velocity of stylus $V_x$: velocity of chart} 2. As shown on Fig 2, the error from stylus itself can be calculated by following equation. i) 13.8${\mu}{\leqq}$x<20.4${\mu}$ y=-0.2246x+4.59${\mu}$ ii) 0${\leqq}$x<13.8${\mu}$ y=${\sqrt{(-18{\mu})^2-x^2}}-1.42x+32.7{\mu}}$ 3. The relationship between profile of saw-tooth and error from stylus itself can be calculated by following equation. $E(%)=\frac{f(r){\times}{\frac{4}{18{\mu}}}}{f(R){\times}{\frac{R}{18.5{\mu}}}-f(r){\times}{\frac{r}{18{\mu}}}}{\times}100$ {E(%)${\frac{error\;of\;stylus}{dullness\;of\;saw\;tooth}}{\times}100$ r: radius of stylus tip R: radius of tip which is drawn in graph of talysurf f(r) : error of stylus f(R) : dullness of tip which is drawn in graph of talysurf} 4. The graph of maximum error and profile of saw-tooth was parabola.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between integrated mineral loss (volume % mineral${\times}{\mu}m$, ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$) determined using transverse microradiography (TMR) and integrated reflectivity ($dB{\times}{\mu}m$, ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$) determined using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting early dental caries with lesion depth more than $200{\mu}m$. Sixty tooth specimens were made from sound bovine teeth. They were immersed in a demineralized solution for 20, 30, and 40 days. The ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ was obtained from the cross-sectional OCT image. The ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was obtained from the TMR image. The correlation between ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was examined using Pearson correlation. The Bland-Altman plot was constructed using the ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ values. A significant correlation between ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was confirmed (r=0.491, p=0.003). Moreover, most of the difference between ${\Delta}R_{OCT}$ and ${\Delta}Z_{TMR}$ was included in the error section of the Bland-Altman plot. Therefore, OCT could be used as a substitute for TMR when analyzing mineral loss in early dental caries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.5 s.85
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• pp.658-663
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• 2007

Bacillus thuringiensis is a well-known species of entomophathogenic bacteria that is widely used as a biopesticide against many insect pests. It produces parasporal crystals ($\delta$-endotoxin) and endospores during sporulation. In this report, the $\delta$-endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis BT-1 and BT-2 were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM), SDS-PACE, and solubilization activity by alkaline solution. BT-1, BT-2 were cultured in the GBY medium, and the $\delta$-endotoxin of them was purified with discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Their $\delta$-endotoxin was observed by SEM and TEM. Morphologically, the $\delta$-endotoxin of BT-1 was a square and flat type, whose size was $1.73{\mu}m{\times}0.7{\mu}m$, and the $\delta$-endotoxin of the BT-2 was spherical form whose size was $1.1{\mu}m{\times}0.9{\mu}m$ determined by SEM and TEM. The $\delta$-endotoxin of the BT-1 was composed of 28 kDa and 21 kDa, however, it of the BT-2 was composed of 50 kDa, 35 kDa, and 22 kDa bands determined by SDS-PACE. The purified crystals of BT-1 and BT-2 were dissolved gradually in alkaline solution as time goes by, and it was perfectly dissolved after 3 hours. It is supposed that the $\delta$-endotoxin of crystal was converted to a state of activation in the course of time in the intestines of insect.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.6 s.360
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• pp.50-59
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• 2007

[ $0.18-{\mu}m$ ] CMOS 1.2-V 2nd-order ${\Sigma}{\Delta}$ modulator with full-feedforward topology is designed. Using full-feedforward topology makes op-amp performance requirements much less stringent, therefore it has been adopted as a good candidate for low-voltage low-power applications throughout the world. Also, ${\Sigma}{\Delta}$ modulator is designed with top-down design approach, therefore various nonideal effects of op-amp are modeled in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1191-1204
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• 2001

The paper is devoted to the study of fractional integration and differentiation on a finite interval [a, b] of the real axis in the frame of Hadamard setting. The constructions under consideration generalize the modified integration $\int_{a}^{x}(t/x)^{\mu}f(t)dt/t$ and the modified differentiation ${\delta}+{\mu}({\delta}=xD,D=d/dx)$ with real $\mu$, being taken n times. Conditions are given for such a Hadamard-type fractional integration operator to be bounded in the space $X^{p}_{c}$(a, b) of Lebesgue measurable functions f on $R_{+}=(0,{\infty})$ such that for c${\in}R=(-{\infty}{\infty})$, in particular in the space $L^{p}(0,{\infty})\;(1{\le}{\le}{\infty})$. The existence almost every where is established for the coorresponding Hadamard-type fractional derivative for a function g(x) such that $x^{p}$g(x) have $\delta$ derivatives up to order n-1 on [a, b] and ${\delta}^{n-1}[x^{\mu}$g(x)] is absolutely continuous on [a, b]. Semigroup and reciprocal properties for the above operators are proved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate relationship between plasma $\delta$ - aminolevulinic acid (ALAP) and lead exposure indices in exposure to lead. The subjects were 218 male workers in 2 storage battery companies and 2 secondary smelting companies. Blood lead(PbB), blood zinc-protoporphyrin( ZPP), urinary $\delta$ - aminolevulinic acid (ALAU), hemoglobin(Hb), and hematocrit(Hct) were measured as lead exposure indices. The results were as follows, 1. The means of blood lead and blood ZPP concentration of subjects were $27.2{\pm}14.0{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ and $55.1{\pm}47.6{\mu}g/d{\ell}$, respectively. The means of plasma $\delta$ - ALA and urinary $\delta$ - ALA concentration were $18.9{\pm}25.1{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ and $2.1{\pm}4.6mg/{\ell}$, respectively. 2. The concentration of ALAP was $11.2{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for below $20{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, $12.8{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for from $21-40{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, and $51.2{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for over $40{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, respectively. 3. ALAP was significantly correlated with ALAU(r=0.829, p<0.01), ZPP(r=0.724, p<0.01) and PbB(r=0.552, p<0.01).