This paper introduces emergy(spelled with "m") that is a new environmental indicator in architecture, aiming to clarify conflicting claims of building design components in the process of energy-retrofit. Much of design practitioners' attention on low energy use in operational phases, may simply shift the lowered environmental impact within the building boundary to large consumption of energy in another area. Specifically, building energy reduction strategies without a holistic view starting from natural formation, may lead to the depletion of non-renewable geobiological sources (e.g. minerals, fossil fuels, etc.), which leaves a building with an isolated energy-efficient object. Therefore, to overcome the narrow outlook, this research discusses the total ecological impact of a building which embraces all process energy as well as environmental cost represented by emergy. A case study has been conducted to explore emergy-driven design work. In comparison with operational energy-driven scenarios, the results elucidate how energy and emergy-oriented decision-making bring about different design results, and quantify building components' emergy contribution in the end. An average-size ($101.9m^2$) single family house located in South Korea was sampled as a benchmark case, and the analysis of energy and material use was conducted for establishment of the baseline. Adoption of the small building is effective for the goal of study since this research intends to measure environmental impact according to variation of passive design elements (windows size, building orientation, wall materials) with new metric (emergy) regardless of mechanical systems. Performance simulations of operational energy were developed and analyzed separately from the calculation of emergy magnitudes in building construction, and then the total emergy demand of each proposed design was evaluated. Emergy synthesis results verify that the least operational energy scenario requires greater investment in indirect energy in construction, which clearly reveals that efficiency gains are likely to be overwhelmed by increment of material flows. This result places importance on consideration of indirect energy use underscoring necessity of emergy evaluation towards the environment-friendly building in broader sense.

In this study, we developed a modular rainwater infiltration system that can be applied for general purposes in urban areas to prepare for localized heavy rain caused by climatic change. This study also analyzed the system's effects on reducing runoff. An analysis of the system's effects on reducing runoff based on rainfall data and monitoring data obtained between September 2012 and December 2013 after the system was installed showed that approximately 20~22% of the runoff overflowed from the infiltration facility. Also, an analysis of the runoff that occurred during the monsoon season showed that 25% of the runoff overflowed through the storm sewer system of the urban area. These results show that the rainwater overflows after infiltrating the detention facility installed in the area during high-intensity rainfall of 100mm or higher or when precipitation is 100mm for 3~4 days without the prior rainfall. According to precipitation forecasts, torrential rainfall is becoming increasingly prevalent in Korea which is increasing the risk of floods. Therefore, the standards for storm sewer systems should be raised when planning and redeveloping urban areas, and not only should centralized facilities including sewer systems and rainwater pump facilities be increased, but a comprehensive plan should also be established for the water cycle of urban areas. This study indicates that decentralized rainwater management can be effective in an urban area and also indicates that the extended application of rainwater infiltration systems can offer eco-friendly urban development.

With high acknowledgements of environmental conservation and energy saving, many architectural technologies using renewable energy have been recently applied at buildings which take about 20% of total energy consumption. Among renewable energy sources, the photovoltaic is considered as the most highly potential one due to advantages of infiniteness and cleanliness. Also, projects to install renewable energy systems have been continuously performed at deteriorated educational facilities as energy efficient remodeling projects or green school projects by the Korean government. This paper proposes appropriate capacities by school level on installing photovoltaic systems at deteriorated school buildings, based on the balance of annual electricity power demand and supply between buildings and systems. Using the Visual DOE program and Merit program, the appropriate installment capacity of photovoltaic system turned out be 40kWp at elementary school building and 60kWp at middle and high ones. In addition, annual energy use proved to be reduced by 20.2% at elementary school, 26.9% at middle school, and 21.0% at high school by installing photovoltaic systems with the appropriate capacities.

The purpose of this study is to analyse PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of dissatisfied) by automatic control of slat-type vertical blind. EnergyPlus, a building energy analysis software has been used for this study. The energy model is calibrated in Energy Plus using measured zone temperature and glass surface temperature data for one day and thermal comfort performance inside the building analysis was carried out. The calibrated data has the MBE of 4% and Cv(RMSE) of 10%. The result was that, for better zone thermal comfort, installation of blind on the outside is more appropriate than inside or no blind case. Additionally, different glazing types were compared and it was found that Triple Low-e glass is the most favorable.

Energy poverty has been defined as low-income households who paid energy cost more than 10% of their ordinary income. Therefore, there are various subsidy programs focused on house remodeling for low-income households and one of them is the Home Energy Efficiency Assistance Program which have done by Korea Energy Foundation since 2007. The aim of the program is to improve the thermal performance of dilapidated dwellings and analyzed the detached house for the low-income households to develop the building typology. The database contained approximately 3,061 households which was obtained from the program in 2013 and the results of the study were like this; 1) For the shape of residential houses, the number of rectangular shaped building was higher than non-rectangular shaped ones. 2) For the orientation of buildings, the south layout of the detached housing was dominant to gain heating energy into buildings. 3) For the floor area, the average floor area was $44.2m^2$, although its size varied wide variations, which range from $6.3m^2$ to $107.1m^2$. 4) For the windows and doors, the south-facing window was larger than the other side. Finally it would be possible to determine the characteristics of residential houses for low-income families. A future study could establish typology of low-income housing that it would estimate the performance of each model building before and after the retrofit to improve the energy performance.

This study is performed to establish the basis of the development of unique tropical botanical garden that will be connected with the identity of the local inheritance resources, 'Silla'. The glasshouse is the traditional 'Silla; housing and the landscape facilities are tried to imagine 'Silla' kingdom. Combination of the plant exhibition and the cultural inheritance resources can create their own unique theme. The garden divided into five spaces by life cycles of plants and the purpose of appreciation, the palm garden, ornamental foliage garden, flower garden, water lily garden, and tropical fruits garden. The appropriate flowers and trees are selected by their flowering time and the purpose of enjoyment. Especially, Ficus religiosa is the symbol plant of buddhism which is the state religion of 'Silla'.

This study selected and analyzed filter media that can be applied in non-point pollution reduction devices aimed at processing the source of pollution on site for road runoff that increases rapidly in rainfall-runoff in order to improve the water quality of urban areas. First, the factors that affect the quality of runoff caused by sources of non-point pollution include physical and social factors such as the usage of land around the area of water collection, type of pavement and movement of cars and people, as well as rainfall characteristics such as frequency, intensity, amount and duration of rainfall. Second, the purification tests of the filter media were processed for pH, BOD, COD and T-P, and the filter media showed to have initial purification effect at that items. However, the filter media showed to be very effective for the processing of SS, T-N, Zn and Cd from the beginning to the end. Third, for filter media, zeolite and vermiculite showed to be effective for processing SS, T-N, Zn and CD constantly, and composite filter media including zeolite showed to have strong processing effects. The authors conclude that this study can be applied to technical areas and policies aimed at reducing non-point pollution in urban areas and can also contribute to allowing eco-friendly management of rainfall as well as improvement of water quality.

The thermal environment in a small city rapidly deteriorates due to the urbanization and overpopulation. It is important to understand and predict the thermal environment in a city area. The thermal environment is highly affected by the solar radiation and temperature distributions changing over time periodically. To predict the thermal environment precisely, the solar radiation calculation including radiation strength, incidence angle, and thermal radiation between building surface and ground should be considered. In this study, the computational domain includes various artificial structures such as building, ground, asphalt, brick and grass. To consider the solar radiation, the unsteady state numerical calculation is performed from sun rise to mid-day (2:00pm). The numerical methods consist of solar load and one dimensional heat conduction through the boundaries to reduce the computational load and improve the flexibility of the calculation.

This study aimed at developing and evaluating performance of the two logics for respectively operating two-position- and variable-heating systems. Both logics control the heating system and openings of the double skin facade buildings in an integrated manner. Artificial neural network models were applied for the predictive and adaptive controls in order to optimally condition the indoor thermal environment. Numerical computer simulation methods using the MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) and TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation) were employed for the performance tests of the logics in the test module. Analysis on the test results revealed that the variable control logic provided more comfortable and stable temperature conditions with the increased comfortable period and the decreased standard deviation from the center of the comfortable range. In addition, the amount of heat supply to the indoor space was significantly reduced by the variable control logic. Thus, it can be concluded that the optimal control method using the artificial neural network model can work more effectively when it is applied to the variable heating systems.

Studies have shown that the thermal performance of buildings changes depending on the year of construction completion. It leads to increased energy consumption of buildings and significant financial burden on users. Thus, this study has calculated the thermal insulation performance of 86 apartments quantitatively, using temperature difference ratio and sensible heat flux. Also, energy consumption characteristics depending on the year of construction completion and thermal insulation performance were analyzed by comparatively analyzing the results of insulation performance evaluation and heating costs. The analysis results are as follows. As for thermal insulation performance, it was around 70% lower in the apartments completed before 1985, compared to apartments completed after 2010. As for heating costs, the apartments with the highest heating cost incurred 1.5 higher heating cost than the apartment with the lowest heating cost. In terms of the insulation performance evaluation, the difference was 2.5-fold.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation coefficients between the airtightness and sound insulation performance of Han-style windows in New Han-ok. To achieve these goals, field measurements were accomplished in 18 bedrooms of 16 Han-oks in which actual residents were living, and then lab measurements were proceeded in the reverberation lab for evaluating the sound insulation performance. Followings are results. The results of the correlation analysis between the airtightness(Air change per hour at 50 Pa, ACH50) and sound insulation performance(Sound reduction index, Rw) in bedrooms of actual Han-oks, it was found that there were no significant correlation between two evaluating values. On the other hand, it was analyzed that the correlation coefficients of total 24 structures(double casement windows, single casement window, casement and sliding windows, single sliding window, 6 types per each structure) were located on 0.6757 exponentially and 0.4154 lineary in the lab evaluating conditions. But, The results of evaluating 4 structure classificatorily, it was found that there were high correlation coefficients(0.8665~0.9273 at ACH50, 0.8414~0.9346 at Rw). These results were signified that the correlation coefficients were changed according to the each structure and case by case analysis were necessary at the same time.

This study aimed at developing integrated logic for controlling heating device and openings of the double skin facade buildings. Two major logics were developed-rule-based control logic and artificial neural network based control logic. The rule based logic represented the widely applied conventional method while the artificial neural network based logic meant the optimal method. Applying the optimal method, the predictive and adaptive controls were feasible for supplying the advanced thermal indoor environment. Comparative performance tests were conducted using the numerical computer simulation tools such as MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) and TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation). Analysis on the test results in the test module revealed that the artificial neural network-based control logics provided more comfortable and stable temperature conditions based on the optimal control of the heating device and opening conditions of the double skin facades. However, the amount of heat supply to the indoor space by the optimal method was increased for the better thermal conditioning. The number of on/off moments of the heating device, on the other hand, was significantly reduced. Therefore, the optimal logic is expected to beneficial to create more comfortable thermal environment and to potentially prevent system degradation.

The recent rising living standards, environment-friendly, well-being and health aspects of life in the basic gratification, as well as the desire for a pleasant environment emotionally environmentally friendly way of external space or industrial interest in the indoor environment, the manifestation. In particular, the biggest problem of the indoor environment has been emerged as a Sick House Syndrome indoor space that is provided to the building materials, and the impact on the domestic and the indoor environment, and clean the house in a health standards are specified as laws. The performance rating and the various materials to create environmentally-friendly standards for building materials. The more detail, Porous clay material, toxic substances released by applying the high humidity and the water itself, and to absorb the moisture, if the emissions, without a separate device, to maintain a comfortable indoor environment and at the same time, one of the causes of Sick House Syndrome breaking down harmful substances to absorb a comfortable indoor environment to maintain an environmentally-friendly building interior material studies. It is aimed at the development to multi-functional high performance eco-friendly construction materials, rather than through one feature performance, identify key features for national and international eco-friendly building materials can exert Water Vapour Adsorption raw, decomposed materials for the application and selection.

In the late 20th century, Korea has accelerated urban sprawl and demolition based redevelopment without considering local characteristics. As a result, quantitative supplement of housing has been saturated and has pushed revitalization especially. The purpose of this research is to delineate the local asset based regeneration of Gamcheon Culture Village Busan. The research methods are field visit, site observation, in-depth interview, library and internet research, data were collected and analyzed with the contents analysis techniques. As results, elements of hardware, software and humanware resources and the dynamics of the whole process such as how the resources connected and utilized, and how the external resources have been converged into these to regenerate Gamcheon Culture Village in diverse dimensions, such as cultural, social, economical and physical one were analysed. This research is expected to share the wisdom of revitalizing with collaborations. Through enhancing negative resources of decayed area to positive ones, the case produced the synergy.

Many cities in Japan retain older city structures with buildings in traditional form and style. Visitors are fascinated by charms and tranquility of pre-modern life styles. Architectural features of olden days are well conserved or carefully restored on purpose. In the case of Kawagoe city near Tokyo, local residents are largely replete with visitors without being necessarily aware of slow commodification of historic spaces. Kawagoe is yet socio-culturally sustainable and financially fit. This paper intends to analyse conservation strategies, with focus on architectural heritage, taken for the historic city of Kawagoe. With the population of 300,000 in the suburb of Tokyo, it is one of the best known historic cities in Japan. Kawagoe grew as a merchant city since 1700s, and it once reached to a major port of silk trade en-route to Edo (Tokyo) from northen provinces. Tourism industry is discovered as a key element in the conservation strategies applied to revitalize historic city center, Ichibangai, an important cultural heritage site with special reference to kurazukuri. This paper argues that augmentation of conceptions in architectural heritage is not only advantageous for the conservation of historic urban environment but it also provides opportunities for sustainable urban renewal.

Since 1970s, the metropolitan-cities in Korea constructed enormous capacities of apartment housings to settle the inferior housing conditions. However, from a stand point of children, the formality of the apartment housing is too tight and specialized to give children enough space to play in and the location and physical area of that is bad and insufficient either. In this study, progressive method for the playground is offered to improve the conditions of playground in apartment housings through the examinations of the utilization of the playground and the problems of that. As a result, three of items for the improvement of the playgrounds are suggested. First, re-interventions for the rules which prescribe the area of the playgrounds are needed. Second, the locations of the playgrounds should be based on the children's playing activities and parents' profitable apprehend. Third, the access to the playgrounds should be based on the children's conveniences. In order to perform these recommended items, objective POE data for the playgrounds through the systematic examinations are also needed in addition to the abilities of the planners.

Crimes occurring in residential areas make an atmosphere of anxiety and are spread throughout the whole society as well as the residential areas, regardless of the number of crimes and how serious they are. Thus, due to their huge negative impact on the whole society, it is crucial to relieve anxiety of residents from the crimes occurring in the residential areas, which plays an important role in determining the quality of a residential environment. Before conducting the research, 18 apartment complexes in Daejeon constructed since 2006 were chosen to apply six principles of CPTED. The main purpose of the research is to observe main spaces in residential areas and analyze crime prevention environment in order to find out safe spatial composition. The data of the research demonstrate the main spaces and their composition. Henceforth, it is necessary to establish accurate data and a new evaluation method in order to obtain objective statistics and data. Furthermore, a study on development of safety and amenity of residential areas should be continued.