Allatotropin is a 13-residue amidated neuropeptide isolated from pharate adult heads of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca serta and strongly stimulates biosynthesis of juvenile hormones in adults, but not larval, lepidopteran corpora allata. From a Bombyx mori midgut cDNA library, a cDNA that encodes a 130-amino-acid polypeptide containing M. sexta allatotropin sequence was isolated. The B. mori allatotropin cDNA consists of 1196 nucleotides. (omitted)

Chromatin structure plays a critical role in the regulation of transcription. Drosophila GAGA factor directs chromatin remodeling to its binding sites. We found that Drosaphiia FACT, a heterodimer of dSPT16 and dSSRPl, is associated with GAGA factor through its dSSRPl subunit, binds to a nucleosome and facilitates GAGA factor-directed chromatin remodeling. Immunostaining of polytene chromosomes revealed colocalization of GAGA factor and FACT in many specific loci. (omitted)

We made use of 81, 635 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from 12 different cDNA libraries of Bombyx mori to identify high-quality candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By PHRAP assembling, we obtained 12, 980 contigs containing 11, 531 contigs assembled by more than one reads. From 117 contig sequences, which were assembled by 1, 576 high-quality reads base-called with PHRED, we identified 101 candidate SNPs and 27 single base insertions/deletions based on a neighborhood quality standard(NQS) of SNP. (omitted)

The ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) cluster was located in the nucleolus organizer and was genetically determined as one locus. We speculated by using sequence differences in the functional rDNA unit that the segregation time between Chinese and Japanese types of B. mandarina is about three million years ago. The differences of the amount of inserted non-LTR retrotransposons, R1Bm and R2Bm, in rDHA cluster were used for the identification of B.mori strains. (omitted)

Over 100 million people worldwide are chronic carriers of hepatitis C virus (HCV)(1). Chronic viral infections of the liver can prouess to cirrhosis, which may ultimately lead to hepatic failure or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs on the market approved fur clinical management of chronic HCV infections; interferon-alpha (IFN$\alpha$) and the nucleoside analog ribavirin. However, whether used as monotherapy or in combination, adverse side-effects are associated with each drug and better therapeutic regimens are needed. (omitted)

The silk fibre Produced by the larvae of the lepidopter of the Bombyx mori species is no doubt one of the most precious raw materials employed in manufacturing textile products. The present report, however, deals with silk not as a traditional textile fibre, but as a starting material fer biomedical applications. In recent years, the unique chemical and mechanical properties of silk have made this protein polymer highly attractive for innovative applications, which mainly focus on the development of devices for biomedical uses. (omitted)

All of the commercial silkworm races spread to farmhouses are hybrid of first generation, therefore distinction of sex of parent races is essential. But the existing sexual method which distinguish sex by outer sexual characteristics have many problems such as need of skilled worker and excessive efforts for distinction of sex. So more simple and accurate method fur distinction of sex is needed. (omitted)

This study was carried out to investigate sprouting and cold hardiness during wintering and thawing Periods in 7-year-old mulberry(Morus) three varieties of Kaeryangppong, Shinilppong and Yongcheonppong. The killing points of the mulberry twigs were investigated using DTA(Differential Thermal Analysis). (omitted)

We examined crude drug that originated from Mulberry (Morus alba L., Family; Morceae) leaves containing many nutritional components, which are the best food source for silk worms. The anti-inflammatory effects of mulberry leaves using lipopolysaccaride -stimulated microglia BV-2 and macrophage Raw 264.7 cells were investigated. (omitted)

Mulberry containing many bioactive components is very useful as functional food resource. Mulberry leaf ice cream, mulberry leaf tea, mulberry noodle, mulberry fruit jam, mulberry wine etc. have been developed in Korea. Because mulberry fruit has abundant natural pigments belonging to anthocyanins, we can expect their therapeutic and physiological effects. However, there are few reports about mulberry seed. So we studied on fatty acids of mulberry seed for the purpose of increasing the functional utilization of mulberry fruit. (omitted)

The silk fibroin has been widely used as industrial materials such as cosmetics and food l)-2). In this study, general hydrolysate of B. mori fibroin as a biomaterial, development of functional-cometics included hydrolysate of B. mori fibroin will be discussed. (omitted)

Silk fibroin (SF) is one of the typical protein polymer produced by silkworm, Bombyx mori. SF has been used as textile fiber and surgical suture fur thousands of years due to its unique gloss, handle, and mechanical properties. Recently, SF has been intensively studied to diverse usage for biotechlological and biomedical fields because of their reproducibility, environmental compatibility, non-toxicity, and biological compatibility. Based on its biocompatibility, the possible uses of regenerated SF have been proposed including substrate for cell culture[1], enzyme immobilization[2], and matrix for drug release[3]. (omitted)

Kayagum strings are usually made of raw silk. It is in need of good vibration and durability during playing the Kayagum. This study was carried out to increase durability of the strings by treatment of water soluble acrylic adhesive. (omitted)

This study was carried out to investigate active constituents of Bombysis corpus on the neurite outgrowth from PCl2 cells led to isolate three phospholipids (4 6) and three aromatic amines (13) were obtained from the methanol extract of Bombycis corpus. Based on spectral data, their structures have been elucidated as nicotiamide (1), cytidine (2), adenine (3), 1-O-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-O-(8Z, 11Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine(4), 1, 2-di-O-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine(5) and 1, 2-di-O-9Z-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine(6). (omitted)

The first line of antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species includes the enzymatic activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) that catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and water. The SOD mainly removes highly toxic $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ and also prevents $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ mediated reduction of iron and subsequent OH$^{[-10]}$ generation. Along with an interest in SOD as a first line of defense against damage mediated by the superoxide anion, the SOD1 enzyme has been subjected to investigation in the molecular and cellular level. (omitted)

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), one of the essential element of the antioxidant defense system, mainly removes $O^{-10}$ $_2$ and also prevents $O^{-10}$ $_2$ mediated reduction of iron and subsequent OH$^{-10}$ generation, which is highly toxic to the organism. Of these SOD enzymes, Cu, Zn-containing SOD (SODI) is an important component of the antioxidant defense system in eucaryotic cells. The SODI enzyme binds one copper and one zinc ion and displays the Greek Key $\beta$-barrel fuld. (omitted)

1. To compare a full cDNA sequence of hemolin, a bacteria-induced protein of lepidopteran insects, from 4 geographically different strains of Bombyx mori. 2. To determine developmental profiles of hemolin gene expression in Bombp mori. (omitted)

We describe here the identification of a transcription factor, ATFC that regulates the UPR by binding to the UPRE only when the signaling pathway is activated. The data in this study cover the first set of results, showing that ATFC has a major role in the insect UPR. (omitted)

To further understanding of the role of calreticulin in insects, we have isolated a cDNA of calreticulin from silkworm, Bombyx mori. The cDNA encodes a 398 amino acid residues of B. mori calreticulin with endoplasmic reticulum retentional HDEL motif at its C-terminus, and a predicted molecular mass of 45801 Da. The B. mori calreticulin shows high protein homology with those of G mellonella (88%), A. aegypti (71%) and H. sapiens (63%). (omitted)

The thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx) is an antioxidant member of the peroxiredoxin family of enzymes. The TPx enzyme system has been implicated in the elimination of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals generated during cellular processes. Such reactive molecules have been shown to cause damage to all major classes of biological macromolecules, including lipid, protein and DNA. Compared to mammalian peroxiredoxin genes, little is known about the insect TPx. (omitted)

Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is a protypical exchangeable apolipoprotein that is abundant in hemolymph of many insect species. Its function lies in the stabilization of low-density lipophorin particles (LDLp) crossing the hemocoel in phases of high energy consumption to deliver lipids from the fat body to the flight muscle cells. But, recent studies with naive Galleria mellonella-apoLp-III gave first indications of an unexpected role of that protein in insect immune activation (Niere et al., 1999). (omitted)

Cytokines represent an essential part of the innate immune response in mammals. Recently, several studies have reported presence of cytokine-like activities and molecules in the invertebrates such as echinoderms, tunicates, molluscs and insects (Beck and Habicht, 1986; Beck et al.; 1959; Ottaviani et al.; 1993; Franchini, 1996). The cytokines found in those organisms include IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (omitted)

For studies of unfolded protein response (UPR), we isolated differentially expressed genes in Bm5 cell line induced with treatment of tunicamycin, the synthesis inhibitor of N-linked oligosaccharides in cells and constructed the subtractive cDNA library enriching UPR-related genes. (omitted)

To understand the molecular mechanism of diapause determination and termination during embyogenesis of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, mRNA from maintained or activated eggs of diapause was compared using differential expression. (omitted)

We investigated the proteins that are associated with initiation, maintenance, and termination of diapause in silkworm eggs by means of 2D-gel electrophoresis. 1. Materials : Bombyx mori: unfertilized eggs, diapause eggs, non-diapause eggs, cold-treated egges. 2. Methods: isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE, silver staining. (omitted)

Current study was aimed to understand an interaction between Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) and proteins that specifically binds to DDC in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Materials and Methods: Materials-Animal: Bombyx mori Construction of GST fusion protein Preparation of lysates: Protein extracted from whole body of Bombyx mori Methods-In vitro binding assay with lysates, Peptide sequence and RACE-PCR (omitted)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induced a significant neurite extension of antennal lobe (AL) neurons from the silk moth Bombyx mori in culture on lamini/ concanavalin A-coated dishes, in comparison with smaller effect of 20-hydroxyecdy-sone (20-HE). But the effect fur neurite extension by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) could not be found. A significant increase in the number of new primary branches from the principal neurites of AL neurons was also shown in culture with BDNF and 5-HT, but not with 20-HE. (omitted)

Gap junctions are membrane channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells, allowing the exchange of ions and small molecules. Two analogous families of proteins, the connexins and innexins are the channel-forming molecular vertebrates and invertebrates, respectively. Here, we present the molecular cloning and sequences analysis of novel innexiins, Binx2, expressed during Bombyx mori embryonic development. (omitted)

Suil (suppressors of initiator codon mutations) is a component of the translation initiation complex which plays an important role in ribosomal recognition of the initiator codon. Here we report the complete cDHA sequence of Bmobyx mori analogy of the Anopheles gambiae suil translation initiation factor gene and expressions of each organ. (omitted)

In order to breed high yielding good quality leaves mulberry cultivar, which is essential for silkworm rearing, the characteristics of newly bred mulberry strain were surveyed. Materials and Methods: materials -Mulberry Jamgsang 123 which is registered as newly bred mulbery cultivar Suilppong -Sikworm Baegogjam nd Daesungjam were reared for practical leaves quality examination in spring and autumn, respectively by feeding Jamsang 123 leaves (omitted)

In the present study, we examined ceramide-induced neuronal cell death and its mechanism and process using SK-N-KH cells, and investigated whether ROS was produced and related to other factors. In addition, we tried to check whether silk fibroin had protective effect fur neuronal cells, and through which cell death process this protective mechanism functioned. (omitted)

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), tryptophan metabolite is known to have cell protective effect against various insults in the brain. But so far, the protective mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated how the KYNA exerts protective effect against 6-OHDA, a causative molecule of Parkinsonian syndrome, using SH-SY5Y cells. (omitted)

A Bacillus thuringiensis isolate, Bt 2385-1, which showed toxicity to lepidopteran, was isolated from Korean soil sample and characterized. PCR-RFLP showed that this isolate contains two novel cryl-type crystal protein genes. In this study, we designed cryl-type specific primer set (ATG1-F and N400-R) to clone the toxic domain of the all cryl-type genes. The two novel rlyl-type toxin genes in addition to crylJal gene were cloned and sequenced. (omitted)

Aphidicidal activity of Bacillus thurigiensis crystal proteins was recently reported. However, relatively higher dose of crystal protein was needed to kill aphids. In this study, we intended to improve the aphidicidal activity of crystal protein by fusion with coat protein (CP) of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) which is transmitted by aphids. (omitted)

Baculovirus occlusion bodies have been recently engineered to incorporate foreign protein such as the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) CrylAc protein for improvement of insecticidal activity. In this study, polyhedrin, cylAc, egfp and crylCa genes were fused to produce occlusion bodies that contain novel recombinant crystal protein by homologous recombination between cylAc and crylCa genes in insect cells. (omitted)

It was investigated whether developmental characteristic of foundation queens of Bombus ignitus collected in the 11 localities including Jeongsun have any effects by the first oviposition days. Materials and Methods: materials - insect : foundation queens of Bombus ignitus collected in the 11 localities. Methods - we investigated the rate of colony foundation, progeny-queen production and the number of adults emergence for the relationship between first oviposition day and colony development of B. ignitus (omitted)

We provide a molecular study intending to derive an estimate of the relationships within the genus Bombus, 10 species which span 6 subgenera common collected from several regions of Korea and B. terrestris imported from several foreign countries for pollination using a portion of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA. (omitted)

This study was investigated total flavonoid and phenolic contents, heavy metals, et al. fer standardization on the south Korean propolis. The propolis collected from the whole part of South Korea, such as central, southern and Jeju island. (omitted)

Cricket (Gyilus bimacutus) is mass-bred in 6 time cycles per one year in insect farms. They are used as dry or live foods for animals, tropical fish, reptile and amphibians. Therefore, it is necessary to study the genotoxicity of whole bodies of G. bimaculatus. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of the G bimaculatus extract with three methods, Ames test, chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro and micronucleus (MN) test in vivo which involve the different test systems (bacteria, mammalian cells and mice nuclei). (omitted)

Peroxiredoxins are a family of antioxidant proteins ubiquitously found in all living organisms. A type of peroxidase enzyme, named thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), that reduces $H_2O$$_2$ with the use of electrons from thioredoxin and contains two essential cysteines was identified in a wide variety of organisms ranging from prokaryotes to mammals. TPx homologs, termed peroxiredoxin (Prx), have also been identified and include several proteins, designated 1-Cys Prx, that contain only one conserved cysteine. (omitted)

The insect cuticle undergoes drastic morphological alterations during postembryonic development and is an extracellular structure composed mainly of chitin and proteins that are synthesized and secreted by epidermal cells. Cuticle proteins, the major components of insect integument, are recently being focused as a model fur studying the mechanisms of gene regulation during molting and metamorphosis. (omitted)

Fireflies, the luminescent insect, have species specific flash patterns, being recognized as sexual communication. The lucifrrase gene is sole enzyme responsible for bioluminescence. The firefly luciferase gene is widely used as a genetic marker or as a reporter gene in a variety of organism including bacteria, plants and animals. In this study, we illustrate the complete organization of the genomic structure of the luciferase gene from L. lateralis sampled in Boun and Muju, Korea. (omitted)

We report the development of a multiplex PCR-based procedure for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of entomopathgenic microspordia and differentiation of the genus Nosema and Vairimorpha and identification of the vairimorpha necatrix. (omitted)

Partial cDNA sequencing to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is being used at present for the fast and efficient obtainment of a detailed profile of genes expressed in various tissues, cell types, or developmental stages. We describe here the construction, DNA sequencing and sequence profiles of cDNA library from Uroctea lesserti. (omitted)

Among all animal species, a few have the remarkable capacity to regenerate a missing part of their body after amputation. The early process of epimorphic regeneration in which dedifferentiation and cell proliferation are involved, provides a useful model to investigate the mechanism of normal development as well as differentiation. To better understand early stage of head regeneration, we have generated 5'-end sequence of 1,592 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from cDNA library of regenerating tissue. (omitted)

In order to understand the expression profile of earthworm midgut, we analyzed 1255 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from earthworm midgut cDNA library. Among 1255 ESTs analyzed, 537 (42.8%) ESTs represented 231 unique genes of which 168 ESTs were singletons and 63 ESTs represented by two or more ESTs. A total of 571 unknown ESTs showed no significant homology. The remaining 147 (11.7%) ESTs whose lengths were less than 150 bp were removed. Among 231 identified unique genes, 168 genes (72.7%) were sequenced only once. (omitted)

Overproduction of transforming growth factor (TGF)-$\beta$l has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. TGF-$\beta$l plays a crucial role in the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in human and experimental glomerular diseases. However, it remains unclear whether inhibition of TGF- $\beta$l overproduction would suppress TGF- $\beta$l induced ECM accumulation. To inhibit the overproduction of TGF- $\beta$l in experimental glomerulonephritis induced by anti-Thy 1.1 antibody, we introduced antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) fur TGF- $\beta$l into the nephritic kidney by the HVJ-liposome-mediated gene transfer method. (omitted)

The purpose of this experiment is to confirm whether the recombinant tumstatin revealed from the stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells has in vitro capacity. Materials and Methods : Materials - Cell line : Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells - vector pMT/BiP/V5-His and pCoHygro (Invitrogen) (omitted)

The purpose of this experiment is to optimize the yield of the recombinant Cox2 from the stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, using dimethylsulfoxide and sodium butyrale. Materials and Methods : Materials - Cell line : Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells - vector pMT/BiP/V5-His and pCoHygro (Invitrogen) (omitted)

To understand the relationship between DDC activity and diapause or other biological events in Antheraea yamamai, we have determined a complete cDNA sequence of DDC homologue from Antheraea yamamai and have examined expression patterns in various tissues by Northern blot analysis. (omitted)

Trichoptera, or caddisflies, comprise one of the major aquatic insect orders. Like Lepidoptera, caddisflies are capable of spinning silk from specially modified salivary glands, and the diversity of ways this silk is used probably accounts for the success of the order as a whole. These utilize silk to construct both larval and pupal shelters, often incorporating materials from the environmental among the silk thread. In this study, we try to find and characterize novel type genes that should be translated to major component protein of aquatic silk. (omitted)

The Coleoptera is one of the most species-rich order of animals, adapted to most terrestrial and freshwater aquatic habitats. Among them, the mulberry longicom beetle, Apriona germari Hope, is widely distributed in eastern Asia and became one of the major pests of mulberry tree in Korea. To obtain genetic information on the mulberry longicorm beetle, we have constructed cDNA library from the larvae whole-body. Here, we report Apriona germari ESTs profiles determined the 5'most end of 3072 clones. (omitted)

We have cloned and sequenced the cDNA coding fur a cellulase from the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari, with the polymerase chain reaction. And then we have constructed the recombinant plasmid vector for Bombyx mori transfomation experiment. (omitted)