1. Objectives: This research aims to study the general overview of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on cultivation mentioned in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 2. Methods: The theories concerning the covetous desire introduced in Dong-Mu's manuscripts, including "Gyukchigo 格致藁)", "Yougocho (遺稿抄)", "Dongmuyougo (東武遺稿)" and "Jaejungsinpyun (濟衆新編)", were comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the significance of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on self-cultivation were studied within the context of "Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Among the four covetous desires (selfishness (私心), indiscretion (放心), indolence(逸心), acquisitiveness (慾心)), selfishness and acquisitiveness are the interpersonal components that deal with the relationship between individuals, whereas indiscretion and indolence are the intra-personal or self-concerned components that deal with the internal desires within the individual. 2) In the early concepts on the quaternity explaining the perspective on the human being as introduced in Dongmu's earlier manuscripts, the four covetous desires are thought of as the most important etiological components, that are also intimately related to the theories of self-cultivation. 3) Among the concepts introduced in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)", viciousness (邪心) and negligence (怠心) are primary, intra-personal (self-concerned) desires that are henceforth matched to indiscretion and indolence, respectively, while selfishness (arrogance, assertiveness, indiscrimination and exaggeration (驕矜伐夸)) and acquisitiveness (violation, extravagance, slothfulness and stealthiness(奪侈懶竊)) are secondary, interpersonal desires. 4) 'Preserving the mind (存其心)' and 'rectifying the body (修其身)' are Methods of overcoming viciousness (indiscretion) and negligence (indolence), the intrapersonal desires, while 'nurturing the nature (養其性)' and 'propping the course (立其命)' are Methods of eliminating selfishness and acquisitiveness, the interpersonal desires, which ultimately each leads to the completion of Nature (性) and Conduct/Course (命).

1. Backgrounds: There are a lack of comprehensive study on Taeeumin Exterior Heat syndrome diarrhea(表熱證泄瀉). Thus, The author examines the content of various literatures related to Tae-eumin Exterior Heat syndrome diarrhea. 2. Methods: Literature examination is used Lee, Je-ma's writings and Sasang Constitutional Medical doctor's writings. Syndrome examination is used Tae-eumin's study on Syndrome of DonguisusebowonGaboGu-bon("咸山沙村東醫壽世保元甲午舊本") and Donguisusebowon("東醫壽世保元") and treatises of the academic world. 3. Results: and Conclusions: 1) "Profuse sweating and reddish and difficult urination"(汗多而小便赤澁) is regard as Taeeumin Interior Febrile Disease(裏熱病). 2) There is no possibility of a misprint about Taeeumin Exterior Heat syndrome diarrhea. Taeeumin Exterior Heat syndrome diarrhea is engaged in both the Exterior and Interior(表裏俱病). 3) It is difficult to prescribe GalgeunHaegi-Tang(葛根解肌湯) instead of Galgeunnabokja-Tang(葛根蘿葍子湯). 4) Tae-eumin Exterior Heat syndrome diarrhea is formed in the early period and absorbed into Donguisusebowon ("東醫壽世保元") in the latter period. "Profuse sweating and reddish and difficult urination" is estimated to be added in the latter period.

1. Objectives: This paper was written to understand the origin, changes and the constructive principles of Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang(Chibaihewu-tang; 赤白何烏寬中湯). 2. Methods: Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang and other related prescriptions were analyzed in terms of pathology, based on "Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑)", "Donguisusebowon Chobongwon(東醫壽世保元 草本卷)", "Donguisusebowon Gabobon(東醫壽世保元 甲午本)", "Donguisusebowon Sinchukbon(東醫壽世保元 辛丑本)" and "Donguisasangsinpyeon(東醫四象新編)" 3. Results: and Conclusions: 1) The origin of Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang, which inherited the spirit of Zhang, Zhongjing(張仲景)'s Sasim-tang(Xiexin-tang; 瀉心湯), is discovered in the prescriptions for Sun-qi(順氣), that is, Gwanjung-hwan(Kuanzhong-wan; 貫衆丸) and Mokhyangsungi-san(Muxiangshunqi-san; 木香順氣散). 2) The Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang was derived from Gangchulpajeok-tang(Jiangzhupoji-tang; 薑朮破積湯) of "Dongyisusebowon Gabobon", where the herbal medicines, Panax ginseng(人蔘) of Sasim-tang was replaced with Cynanchum wilfordii(白何首烏) and Allium sativum(獨頭蒜) was newly used too. Thereafter, Polygonum multiflorum(赤何首烏) and Alpinia oxyphylla(益智仁) were first added in Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang in "Sinchukbon". 3) The Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang, composed of 8 herbs except for Zizyphus jujuba(大棗), treats Taeumjeung(太陰證) of Soeumin(少陰人) through warming the Stomach(溫胃) of Cynanchum wilfordii, Polygonum multiflorum, Zingiber officinale(乾薑) and Alpinia officinarum(良薑) and downbearing the Yin(降陰) of Citrus reticulata(靑皮), Citrus unshiu(陳皮), Cyperus rotundus(香附子) and Alpinia oxyphylla.

1. Objectives: We aimed to derive constitutional facial characteristics with front and side picture of the people in this study 2. Methods: Through November 2007 to July 2009, we obtained front and side face photograph data of 715 male/female constitution confirmed subjects within the age range of 10-80 from 19 oriental medical facilities in the country. According to sex, we divided the subjects into two groups, real constitution group and non-constitution group. We analyzed significant variables of distance, angle and ratio of facial point through unpaired T-test. 3. Results: There are different significant variables according to Sasang Constitution and even though they are much different between sex, the interpretation of the meaning of those variables are similar with the written characteristics of ancient Writing. The face size of the Taeeumin is bigger than that of the non-Taeeumin, and especially they have long length from mouth to mandible angle. Soeumin have small jaw area, long philtrum and narrow facial feature like egg. Soyangin has developed forehead and glabella, short jaw, long eye side. Taeyangin has developed forehead, weak nose especially side end of nose, long eye side. 4. Conclusions: Sasang Constitutional facial characteristics are different between man and woman but there are much similarity with the facts as known on the interpretation of significant variables characteristics.

1. Objectives: Sasang Medicine has been based on different medicine approach because people were different, so, this was a little different concept about health compared to other oriental and western medicine focused on existing Yangsaeng theory. We were announced Constitution health indicators for women, and this was follow-up study designed to identify Constitutional health indicators in men. 2. Methods: We recruited 171 men between 10 and 80, excluding individuals who have physically or psychologically serious disease among Korean population in Traditional Korea Clinics. They were diagnosed by Sasang Constitution specialists and confirmed clinically with Sasang constitution drug response with past medical records. We used CRF(Case Report Form, C-2009-002439) as measurement of physiological and pathological symptoms and SF-36 (Short Form-36) as measurement of health state. We analyzed association between physiological and pathological symptoms and health state with Two-way ANOVA. 3. Results: 23 items of 82 indicators in physiological and pathological symptoms were related to the quality of life, regardless of the constitution. There are 4 different symptoms associated with health state in men, such as regular of feces, hard to fall asleep, no problem in chest, feel heavy in chest according to Sasang Constitution. 4. Conclusions: From these Results, there are different items of physiological and pathological affected the Quality of life according to Sasang Constitution.

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the serum lipid, digestive enzymes, thyroid hormone of each Sasang type groups which were classified by Sasang medicine specialist. 2. Methode: The subjects were 1084 (male:female=399:685) person with 371 of Taeeum type, 324 of Soeum type, 389 of Soyang type after the Sasang type classification. The blood samples of the 1084 subjects were to analyze the serum lipid(triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol), digestive enzymes(lipase, amylase), thyroid hormone(T3, TSH). The general linear model (SPSS 12.0) were used for the analysis. 3. Results: Taeeum type group ($133.50\pm89.84$, $189.41\pm33.11$, $107.29\pm28.66$) showed significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol than other two group. In digestive enzymes(lipase, amylase), we found significant differences in the order of Soeum>Soyang>Taeeum. Soeum type group($116.23\pm21.38$) has lower T3 than Soyang type group ($119.90\pm21.60$) with marginal significance (p=0.066). 4. Conclusions: The Results of present study showed that Taeeum type showed significantly highest in triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. Soeum type showed significantly highest in digestive enzymes. Blood sample of each Sasang type group will serve as an important evidence for further study showing that the Sasang typology has biological basis.

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was verify the difference in digestion, feces, sweat and urination characteristics according to Sasang Constitution among subjects in the age range of their 20s and 60s. 2. Methods: Three hundred and thirty eight participants were recruited in the age range of their 20s and 264 participants in the age range of their 60s. All the participants' Sasang Constitutions were diagnosed by Sasang Constitutional medicine expert. Then their digestion, feces, sweat and urination characteristics were assessed through the questionnaire. 3. Results: 1)Regarding digestion, Soeumin in all age ranges had bad appetites and Soeumin in their 20s had low digestibility. 2)Regarding feces, the daily defecation frequency showed no difference according to constitution. Only Soeumin in their 20s showed diarrheal state of stool. 3)Regarding sweat, Taeeumin usually perspired more in their 20s and there was no difference in the feeling after sweating according to age and constitution. 4)Regarding urination, frequency and strength showed no difference according to age and constitution. 4. Conclusions: Some difference was observed in the digestion, feces and sweat characteristics according to Sasang Constitution but these characteristics were susceptible to change in different age ranges. There was no difference in urination according to constitution.

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-aging and anti-oxidative effects of Seungyangikki-tang decoction(SY) in spleen, pancreas and stomach cells of Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. 2. Methods: This experiment was used by the tissue of spleen, pancreas and stomach cells of 6, 52 and 68 weeks old SD rats. We devided each group by three. One group as normal group was non-treated cells, another group as control group was saline-treated cells, and the other group as experimental group was SY treated cells. After culture for 48 hours, each groups measured the level of SOD, GSH, MDA and NO in the tissue of kidney, bladder and spleen cells. 3. Results and Conclusions: SOD activity was significantly increased in spleen cell of 6, 68w-SY group, pancreas cell of 52,68w-SY group and in stomach cell of 52w-SY group compared with those of the control groups. GSH concentration was significantly increased in spleen cell of 6,68w-SY group and in pancreas cell of 6w-SY group compared with those of the control groups. MDA concentration was significantly decreased in spleen cell of 68w-SY group and in stomach cell of 68w-SY group compared with those of the control groups. NO concentration was significantly decreased in spleen cell of 68w-SY group, stomach cell of 68w-SY group compared with those of the control groups.

1. Objectives: To compare the contents of hazardous substances such as crude, washing solution, crude after washing, decoction and remnant. 2. Methods: The heavy metal contents of each step were measured by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer and mercury analyzer (MA-2). In order to analyze pesticides in Yanggyeoksanhwa-tang we used simultaneous multi- residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. 3. Results: 1) The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) for each steps in Yanggeoksanhwa-tang were as follows: crude (Pb; 1.87, As; 1.29, Cd; 0.28 and Hg; N.D.), washing solution (Pb; 1.98, As; 1.13, Cd; 0.10 and Hg; N.D.), crude after washing (Pb; 1.90, As; 1.40, Cd; 0.22 and Hg; N.D.), decoction (Pb; 1.90, As; 1.14, Cd; 0.11 and Hg; N.D.) and remnant (Pb; 2.39, As; 1.29, Cd; 0.25 and Hg; 0.01). 2) Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides in crude and decoction were not detected. 3) Contents (mg/kg) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in crude, crude after washing and remnant exhibited 3.00, 2.00 and 2.00 mg/kg, respectively. However, contents of sulfur dioxide in washing solution and decoction were not detected. 4. Conclusions: These Results: will be used to establish a criterion of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide of each step in Yanggeoksanhwa-tang.

1. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the acute toxicity and safety of Taeeumjowi-tang. 2. Methods: We investigated the acute toxicity for water-extracted Taeeumjowi-tang. 25 male and 25 female mice were observed for 14 days after one day oral administration of Taeeumjowi-tang at the respective doses of 0(control group), 2560, 3200, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg. 3. Results: We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight and autopsy. 4. Conclusions: The data confirmed that Taeeumjowi-tang is free from the toxicity and safety problems in oral route respectively. Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups(2560, 3200, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg). In conclusion, LD50 of Taeeumjowi-tang was over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe to mice.

1. Objectives: The purpose of this case is to report the effect of Onbaek-won(溫白元) which is based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine for abnormal uterine bleeding from Endometriosis in Soeumin. 2. Methods: We treated Soeumin patient that had abnormal uterine bleeding from endometriosis. We prescribed Onbaek-won(溫白元) for her physical symptoms. The improvement of her disease was checked her bleeding volume and other physical symptoms. 3. Results: After the Sasang constitutional medication of Onbaek-won(溫白元) was given, her bleeding volume and her physical symptoms was improved. 4. Conclusions: This case study show an efficient result of using Onbaek-won(溫白元) in abnormal uterine bleeding from endometriosis of Soeumin. Onbaek-won(溫白元) was used instead of Semen Tiglii(巴豆).

1. Objectives: This case study reports clinical improvement of a Soyangin benign arrhythmia patient who showed improvement of palpitation symptoms after treatment with Hyeongbangjihwang-tang. 2. Methods: The patient's subjective and objective symptoms were observed daily, and the VAS scores and duration times of palpitation were recorded daily throughout the hospitalization period. 3. Results: The general condition of the patient improved by the end of hospitalization. The VAS score dropped from 4-10 to 0-1, and the duration of palpitation dropped from 50-160 min to 0-5 min. Other symptoms such as diarrhea and lower back pain also showed improvement. 4. Conclusion: This case study shows the effectiveness of Hyeongbangjihwang-tang in the treatment of palpitation. Although the literature on Hyeongbangjihwang-tang does not report its usage on palpitation, the prescription was shown to be effective in the case where the palpitation symptom is concomitant to the general symptomatology of the Mangeum disease, a pathology indicative of Hyeongbangjihwang-tang.

1. Objectives: This study reports two cases of repetitive episodic tension-type headache patients who were each constitutionally typed as the Taeeum type and the Soyang type and respectively treated with Yanggyeoksanhwa-tang and Galgeunhaegi-tang. 2. Methods: The patients' subjective and objective symptoms were observed daily, and the VAS scores for the main symptoms were recorded daily throughout hospitalization period. When deemed necessary, other assessment tools were engaged (Migraine-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire, Migraine Disablity Assessment questionnaire, Headache Impact Test-6, etc.). 3. Results: The Soyang Type patient's headache improved by the end of hospitalization, with a dramatic drop in the VAS score from VAS 10 to VAS 2. The Taeeum Type patient's headache also showed improvement, with an equally dramatic decrease in the VAS score from VAS 10 to VAS 2. 4. Conclusion: Although the two patients were experiencing the same symptoms of repetitive episodic tension-type headache, they were each given different medicinal interventions in accordance to their respective constitutional types. This series of cases is notable in that the two widely different medications (Yanggyeoksanhwa-tang and Galgeunhaegi-tang) were applied to specifically conforming pathologies (the Sogal symptomatology and the Ganyeol symptomatology, respectively) to produce equally dramatic improvements.

1. Objectives: The purpose of this case is to report that a Tae-eumin patient diagnosed as drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by Galgeunhaegi-tang (Gegenjieji-tang) treated with Taeumjowe-tang reduced ephedra to 2g (Taiyintiaowei-tang) and then liver function test Results: improved. 2. Methods: We diagnosed him as Tae-eumin Exterior cold disease induced from the esophagus affected by cold. We made him stop taking Galgeunhaegi-tang (Gegenjieji-tang) and take Taeumjowe-tang reduced ephedra to 2g. (Taiyintiaowei-tang) 3. Results: After our treatment, the symptom and the liver function test Results: improved. 4. Conclusions: The wrong diagnosis of constitution and pathological syndromes can be caused drug-induced liver injury. Taeumjowe-tang reduced ephedra to 2g (Taiyintiaowei-tang) may have an effect on treatment of drug-induced liver injury of Tae- eumin.