The purpose of this study is to propose a spatial network reproduction method based on 'integration of bus stop network into existing spatial network' for urban spatial analysis and to verify its effectiveness. To achieve this goal, first, a method of integrating a spatial network based on a 'bus stop network' with an existing 'street network' and a 'integration of subway network into street network' based spatial network was proposed. Next, in order to verify the effectiveness of the spatial networks based on the 'integration of bus stop network into street network' and 'integrated bus stop network, street network and subway network', a correlation analysis between the space syntax analysis result of Seoul and the actual floating population was conducted. As a result of the analysis, the correlation value of 'integration of bus stop network into street network' was slightly higher than that of existing 'street network', and 'integrated bus stop network, street network and subway network' showed a little lower correlation value compared to existing 'integration of street network into subway network'. In conclusion, when the space syntax is applied to urban spatial analysis, the "bus stop network" implies that there is a limit to improving the performance of the spatial analysis model.

This study focuses on apartments as a way to analyze the spatial configurations and social implications of such provision. Kenya has the largest economy in East Africa and the average growth rate of urbanization in Kenya is thigh, therefore it is important to understand the cause and change of urban expansion by analyzing their housing type. Apartments are being adopted as an efficient method of providing houses for developing countries. In these countries, apartments are the tangible outcome of rapid urbanization and economic prosperity. This study intends to examine changes found in the unit floor plans of the apartment built in Nairobi, Kenya from 2000 to 2016 by means of time series analysis using the context of space syntax model. Further, this study aims to elaborate on why such changes have occurred. According to the results of this study, apartment from 2000 to 2004 was a new housing type designed in the 'universal/global' trend of apartment housing which did not fit into the context of Kenyan apartments. As adjustment and changes in political, economic, and social issues that started to appear in 2005 apartments became more of a popular housing type and were constructed more frequently. Furthermore, apartments from 2005 to 2016 started to embrace and reflect the cultural contents of Kenyan living style where these characteristics started to reappear in floor plans. These changes are seen through the location of the corridor, private zones, and the kitchen.

Revitalization of BIM, starting with the guidelines of the domestic Public Procurement Service, is steadily increasing. On the other hand, it is difficult to effectively utilize BIM due to obstacles such as low level of awareness of BIM necessity, and lack of accessibility of BIM production tool education. The solution for this problem, the research of quantitative indicators preceded by comparing the existing method and the BIM method; however, the qualitative factors of work efficiency had not been considered. Accordingly, the study derives qualitative factors affecting efficiency of BIM work and evaluates the concernment of each factors. The establishment of qualitative factors and importance of assessment were conducted through expert advice and questionnaire; and the importance of each factor was analyzed through AHP technique. Importance is the priority for efficiency of work, and it presents an effective plan when establishing a BIM work plan.

This study aims to derive a plan for improving the housing performance of modular housing through post-occupancy evaluation and housing performance measurement of Happy House in Dujeong-dong, Cheonan, where both the infill type construction method and the stacked type construction method were applied simultaneously for the first time in Korea. For this purpose, prior research and theoretical investigations were conducted to set analysis items, and surveys and interviews were conducted. Then, the factors influencing the satisfaction of the housing performance of the modular housing were analyzed, and a comparison between the stacked type and the infill type construction method was conducted based on the analysis of the housing performance satisfaction and the results of the performance measurement to derive improvement plans for the modular housing. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data for improving the housing performance of modular housing in the future.

It is estimated in 2020 that over 2.4 million houses in Korea are aged more than 30 years. This means that over 40% of the entire houses in Korea are considerably aged. Two options could be taken to improve the poor residential environment: either reconstruction or remodeling. Compared to reconstruction, remodeling has advantages on the construction period and cost. In addition, remodeling is environmentally friendly; and therefore, current regulation is favorable to remodeling over reconstruction. During the early stages of the apartment remodeling project, many candidate floor plans are presented. In order for the evaluation of those multiple candidate plans, extracting information regarding bearing walls and other structural elements from the plans is critical. Accordingly, an automated and quantitative data extraction system for walls and slabs from before- and after-remodeling floor plans is developed. With the developed program, it is possible to analyze and visualize bearing walls, non-bearing walls, slabs, and weight alterations after remodeling in a rapid and automated manner.

With the entering of the 4th industrial era, the demand for innovation in architectural education is increasing. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and analyze the educational system of advanced architectural universities in the UK to provide base data for innovation of architectural university in Korea. The AA School and Bartlett School of Architecture in the UK were selected and compared and analyzed from the perspective three elements that constitute universities, which are a governance as a decision-making and operating body, curriculum as an educational program and facilities as a physical environment. It was found that both schools have democratic decision-making body that operates the schools, and have governance systems that facilitates two-way communication, and their curricular are differentiated and specialized, so that it can actively adapt to the demands of social change of the times. Efficient protocols were in place for the establishment and abolition of the curriculum and maintenance of quality. In addition, schools put a great effort to improve facilities to enhance creative and advanced architecture education. In order to become an architectural university that adapts to the new environment and reflects the social needs of the times, the establishment of a sustainable, integrated and holistic system is necessary.

This study was carried out to identify differences in users' relaxation-arousal reaction to the window-to-wall ratio of spaces with different areas through EEG analysis and suggest scientific data that can be used for architectural design. For this study, an EEG experiment of modeling image stimuli in individual rooms of a postpartum care center was performed using VR(Virtual Reality) and dry EEG equipment, and EEG data of the experiment participants were analyzed using RAB indicators(the ratio of alpha waves to beta waves). The study results are as follows. First, with regard to changes in the window-to-wall ratio applied to a minimum area, four channels with a window-to-wall ratio of 30%, 70% and 100% showed statistically significant differences in relaxation-arousal reaction before and after stimulation, and they all had arousal reaction. Second, with regard to changes in the window-to-wall ratio applied to a facility mean area, two channels with a window-to-wall ratio of 70% and 100% showed statistically significant differences in relaxation-arousal reaction before and after stimulation, and they all had arousal reaction. Third, when examining whether the same window-to-wall ratio showed differences in relaxation-arousal reaction in spaces with different areas, four channels with a window-to-wall ratio of 0%, 30% and 100% showed statistically significant differences, which means even though the window-to-wall ratio is equal, relaxation-arousal reaction may vary depending on the area. Lastly, the analysis results displayed that for making users feel comfortable with individual rooms of a postpartum care center, there was a need to avoid a window-to-wall ratio of 30% and 70% and above when designing a minimum area close to 6.3㎡, and that there was a need to avoid a big window-to-wall ratio of 70% and above when designing a facility mean area close to 10.34㎡. In addition, it was found that a window-to-wall ratio of 50% generated arousal reaction least in these two areas, which means a window-to-wall ratio of almost 50% can make users feel comfortable.

The purpose of this study is to introduce the case of a start-up living lab led by SH Corporation, which can be operated by young architects and residents, and to propose the direction. The purpose of this study is to introduce the case of SH Corporation-led start-up Living Lab, which can be operated by young architects and residents together, and to suggest future improvement directions. This study was conducted in the following processes. First, the definition and background of Living Lab were analyzed. Second, representative cases of domestic living lab operation was analyzed. Third, it revealed the background and purpose of the SH Youth Architect Project. Fourth, the current status, characteristics, and limitations of living labs operated by young architects were analyzed. Finally, the direction of living lab models in urban regeneration projects was proposed.

Vacant houses, which have emerged as a problem in small and medium-sized cities in provincial areas, continue to increase, and are seriously threatening the social and economic stability of cities along with the decline of cities. This study selected the old town of Jinju City, where population decline and functional differentiation occurred due to multinuclearization after the creation of the innovative city. The old town of Jinju City needs to distinguish the types and characteristics of vacant houses by region because the problems of poor and old detached houses are serious due to various economic, social, and physical effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the actual condition of vacant homes based on field surveys in the old town of Jinju City, Cheonjeon-dong, Sangbong-dong, Jungang-dong, and Seongbuk-dong, and then classify the types by calculating the grade, and to derive the regional characteristics of each vacant house type. The distribution of vacant houses was determined based on the data of defective old houses and detached houses provided by local governments in Jinju City, which were processed as point data based on the direct investigation by the officials in charge. Through on-site surveys, regional characteristics, local community characteristics, and vacant home occurrence characteristics were identified, and for classification of types, the grade was calculated based on the vacant home survey index. The scope of this study is limited to the old town of Jinju City, so the generalization of the results is limited, but the study is meaningful in that it reveals differences in the types of vacant houses depending on the region. As a follow-up study, an analysis of the objectivity and spatial effects of actual indicators will be conducted together.

The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of physical environmental factors in public spaces of public rental housing and provide design planning data to improve the living safety of public spaces. The subjects of the study are researchers and public officials related to apartment planning and housing welfare, and architects with design experience. The factors to be considered first and the importance of physical environmental factors for each public spaces were analyzed. For the research method, Delphi method and AHP analysis method were used for apartment housing experts. The research results are as follows. In the first expert opinion survey, safety was an important planning concept in pedestrian, playgrounds, sport facilities, ground parking ares, bicycle parking ares, elevator halls, inside of elevators, and stairs. In the second survey, the ranking of the physical environmental factors related to living safety appeared in the order of lighting, color, finishing materials, and landscaping. The priorities of researchers and public officials were lighting, sign color, finishing materials, and landscaping, while architects were in the order of finishing materials, sign color, lighting and landscaping. Public spaces for which lighting is important are the main entrance of the complexes, above-ground parking ares, pedestrian, playground, entrance to residential buildings, underground parking ares, inside of elevators, stairs, and corridor. The spaces where sign color is important are the main entrance of the complex, the playground, the entrance to residential buildings, and the underground parking ares. The spaces where the finishing materials are important were pedestrian, playgrounds, rest facilities, sports facilities, and the inside of the elevator. As for the importance of lighting, the importance of sign color in the playground showed a significant difference between the groups in the elevator hall and inside of elevator. The importance of finishing materials was found to be significantly different at the main entrance to complexes, rest facilities, mailboxes, and elevator hall, and the importance of landscaping showed significant differences between groups at the main entrance to complexes and playground.

In the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, people who need healing feel euphoria and stability in a place that is with nature. Nature is colorful in its relationship with light, which changes over time. Since Color does not exist alone, Color Scheme is important. The physical environment of an individual affects the psychological state. However, colors schemes that prioritize the beauty aspects, not the color schemes that focus on psychological stability, are used in architectural spaces. Therefore, considering the natural preferences of humans, there is a need to propose a harmonic color scheme code based on the natural color system(NCS) and Ostwald's color harmony theory in terms of biophilic design based on the life sense of nature. The purpose of this study under this background is to develop a method of extracting a harmonic color scheme code(color harmony scheme) based on the analysis of color differences and nuance areas by utilizing biophilic color palettes. In this study, 25 biophilic color palettes developed in the preceding study of Choi & Lee(2020) were used for the development of method for color harmony scheme. 2270 three-color combination code was constructed and analyzed based on the color difference and nuance area to propose a method of deriving color harmony scheme codes. This is ultimately to plan an architectural environment that helps heal by utilizing colors that deal with the colors of nature.

The purpose of this study is to identify the spatial destribution of single-person households in Gyeongsangnam-do and to identify the distribution factors. Local Moran's I and hotspot analysis were conducted based on population data in 2020 to identify areas where single-person households in Gyeongsangnam-do are concentrated. The LISA analysis showed that there were 16 high-high areas with single-person households and 40 low-low areas. The HH region appeared mainly in the city area, while the LL area appeared mainly in the northwestern county area of Gyeongsangnam-do. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to find out the factors that caused the concentration of single-person households. According to the analysis, the factors that concentrate single-person households in city were multi-family housing, houses less than 40 square meters, land price index, hospitals, cultural facilities, and bus stops. Factors of spatial distribution of single-person households in the county include multi-family housing, old houses, hospitals, cultural facilities, urban regeneration, and bus stops.

This study investigates the roof type and seasonal use of the permanent dwelling architectures in the Iranian Hawrāmān area located in the Eastern Kurdistan (Rōzhhalat). The Hawrāmān architecture has been usually defined as the stepped house (Bāft-e Pelekānī) lying along the mountain slope up to now. The people, however, have seasonally used the stone wall houses by the different names (Yāna, Kawal, Kapr) for their semi-nomadic life. The three architectures could be classified into two roof types such as the permanent roof houses (Yāna and Kawal) and temporary roof shelter (Kapr) that show the different spatial and structural characteristics. The seasonal use of the two roofs differed in the west and east part where the winter village (De) and summer dwelling place (Hawār) are located in different altitudes and dwelling conditions. In the west (Takht and Lehōn), their life dependent on livestock. They stayed at one village (De) in the winter and sequentially moved to some temporary camps (Hawār) at higher altitudes for securing the proper temperature and pasture in the summer. They used the different roofs at seasonal places. In contrast, the people of the east (Zhāūrūd) were farm-oriented. They have seasonally stayed at one village (De) and one farmland (Hawār) near a river or stream where water can be stably secured. They have used the permanent roof houses on different scales in both places depending on the residential period.

In recent decades, the number of public libraries has increased gradually in Korea. The main function of libraries is not only to provide a variety of collected sources of information but also to fulfill cultural and leisure demands from communities where the libraries located. For the public library, it is necessary to evaluate its operational aspects of its service and facility management since it is supported by local government and its limited resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate facility performance aspects of public library in terms of efficiency including accessibility issue for convenient use and equal opportunities, and discuss facility performance criteria for public library. Using open data sources for public library, we analyzed data using SPSS and library efficiency in terms of input versus output using data such as number of visitors, number of users, number of employees, number of books and seats, operating hours, total budget, operating costs, cost of collection of books and other collected information etc. For the accessibility aspects, people in rural areas are more likely to spend longer time to visit public library and the distance variations is larger than that in Seoul city areas. In general, output variables (the number of visitors) are more likely to be positively associated with input variables such as total budget, operating cost, the number of employees, books, seating, however, some facilities have large variations in terms of facilities efficiency. Total cost of facilities, utility cost and maintenance cost are not apparent and facility performance criteria seems to be lacking in the open data sources to evaluate facility performance. Besides efficiency, flexibility, sustainability issues need to be incorporated in facility performance in management of pubic libraries.

The paper aims at investigating the extended spatiality of architecture, theoretically tracing the conceptual development and Recognition of architectural space toward urban/territorial space. In turn, it traces the physical and visual recognition of space as an interior and the urban/territorial space which is explained by the extended spatiality of architecture with a concept of interiority. The results of this study are as follows. Architecture does not simply create the rooms, but makes them open toward urban/territorial field. Thus, it makes not merely the quality of a building's interior, but also contributes to making the value of urban/territorial interior which pertains to the field of urbanism or landscape architecture. It therefore has a twofold form that affects both interiority. The results have profound implications; one possibility of integrating architectural and urban/territorial spaces and another possibility of an urban/territorial space being recognized by interiority. Both can be new discourses on the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urbanism and even interior architecture/design to foster interdisciplinary dialogue regarding the enhancement of urban/territorial spatial quality and value. Ultimately, this paper serves as theoretical foundations for theorists and practitioners to give better spatial qualities and values to public interiors and to support for the implementations in today's large urban/territorial development projects.

In the Sahengrok(使行錄) written by the Joseon missions to Japan, who was dispatched to Japan in 1607, recorded a method of opening and closing fittings without hinges by sliding them left and right. In this study, I clarified the introduction time and architectural significance of pocket windows and doors in Korean architecture through the analysis of the Sahengrok in which the use of the new opening and closing type fittings is first appeared, and other historical documents of that period. It is thought that the beginning of the window opens and closes by sliding the window to the left and right was the Yeongchang(映窓) installed in the Ondol room between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The Yeongchang, which changed the window of the Ondol room to a double-glazed window, is known as Milchang (推窓) in the private sector, and the built-in pocket called Gapchan (甲窓) in which the window Yeongchang is stored has also been universalized. In this way, the Yeongchang with Gapchang came to be called Midaji in the private sector, it means the pocket windows and doors. With the installation of pocket windows and doors in architecture, the elevation of the Ondol room had been standardized, the indoor environment became more comfortable by the insulating effect that blocks moisture and cold from the outside.

Co-existence phenomena, unforeseen conditions, have arisen between implemented and non-implemented areas because of the delay of the urban redevelopment project in Seoul, South Korea. In this research, I illuminate the phenomenological theory of Dalibor Vesely and Peter Carl to examine the situation of the city centre in Seoul; they posit that a city centre has a key to restoring the sense of 'common ground' needed to cease autistic and instrumental architectural manipulation. Hence, they commonly advocate the necessity of the observation and analysis of a city centre where layers have shared 'typicality' such as myth, history, tradition, culture, language, gesture, and so on. The findings are as follows: First, the accumulating data of 'typical situations' in the urban environment have become the basis for architects to imagine various 'situational stories'. Second, the 'communicative institution' is expected to encompass a range of subjects rather than a limited number of individuals or groups to provide urban resilience for the city and the community. Lastly, the numbers of architectural settings and urban configurations in the private and public spheres consist of the depth structure of typical human situations, respecting the urban order, which plays a significant role in the restoration of the ontological status of the 'communicative institution.'

In the 2000s, community regeneration and improvement of the quality of life began to be more importance and a new paradigm is required for the use of public spaces to improve the quality of urban environment. In this aspect, this study looks at domestic and abroad regulations and standards related to uses of public spaces from the perspectives of 'publicness', 'utilization' and 'sustainability'. Based on the minimum but detailed regulations, both public and private sectors share their responsibilities on city revitalization through management of public spaces. Through this system, the public sectors can have advantages such as budget reduction and the private sectors can provide high-quality management based on professional knowledge and funds. The conclusion was drawn as follows. First, a legal system needs to be established in a level of regional base that considers uses and management of public spaces as comprehensive approach. Second, in order to facilitate private participation, regulations on private activities are mitigated, and the establishment of an institutional foundation is required to allow the private sector to voluntarily manage public spaces. Lastly, it is necessary to change the perception of public spaces based on the expansion of citizen participation and active promotion.

Public housing providers are planning to supply using small-scale urban sites. However, the efficiency of the project is expected to decrease due to civil complaints during construction. In the OSC project, most of the construction work are conducted in a factory. Therefore, OSC can improve the efficiency of the project and also minimizes the impact on the environment. However, the supply method requires that the small construction company should have experience and knowledge of the OSC. In this study, the business model based on the integrated implementation of dispersed small-scale public housing construction projects was suggested to assist the small construction companies in accumulating OSC experience and to improve the efficiency of OSC project. Through applying the model, it is expected that the small construction company will be facilitated in accumulating the experience and knowledge of OSC and the small-scale OSC projects will be activated by the improved efficiency.

This study purpose to analyze the present state of supply and demand, and training and management of production workers for solving problems of supply and demand, and training systems for production workers in the domestic construction field and suggest a supply and demand, and training and management model, which supports efficient inflow and capability strengthening of future production workers. When researching the present state of supply and demand of production workers in the construction field, it was found that mostly, production workers were employed via personnel connections of the heads of working groups, and both of skilled and unskilled workers were not smoothly supplied. In relation to training of production workers in the construction field, they were mostly trained through apprenticeship education·training, and the majority of skilled workers had an average level of skills. This study has significance by suggesting a supply and demand, and training and management model(plan) for settling problems of existing supply and demand, and training systems for production workers in the construction field, based on the survey with field managers and experts' advice.