최근에는 우리나라에서도 mammography의 중요성이 더욱 부각되고 있는데, 아마도 이전 보다 유방암 환자가 더 늘어났기 때문이 아닌가 생각된다. 미국에서는 오래전부터 mammography에 대해 체계적인 관리와 지속적인 교육이 이루어져, 오늘날에는 방사선과전문의, 방사선사, 물리학자 등의 자격기준과 유방촬영장치에 대한 기준, 그리고 patient care에 이르기까지, mammography에 대한 전반적인 기준이 마련되어 있다. 이에 반해 우리는 아직까지 이렇다할 기준이 없는 상태이나 최근에 mammography의 중요성이 논의되고, 기준 마련에 대한 노력이 이루어지고 있어 좋은 결과가 기대된다. 이러한 여러 사람들의 노력에 일조하는 마음으로 ACR(American College of Radiology)에서 권고하는 labeling과 표준화된 marking에 대하여 소개한다.

We have presented with the "A study on overexposure rate according to over-density in chest X-ray radiography(I)" last year. In this report, We could calculate the entrance skin dose from chest X-ray film density the formula $I_0=Ix/e^{-{\mu}x}{\times}mG$, (mG is Bucky factor) was used to deliver the skin dose. At that time, There was two problems that the Bucky factor from maker was not equal to field experience and the field size influenced on the Attenuation Rate. The experiment of Bucky factor was done from film method and retried the Attenuation Rate of Acryle phantom according to Good & Poor geometry. As the results, The Bucky factor from maker higher than in this experiments $30{\sim}40%$. The Attenuation Rate in good geometric condition brings about a little alteration compare with poor geometric condition. In the field experiment, we could get the chest image with very low entrance skin radiation dose $29.3{\mu}Sv$, especially with air gap methode, the entrance skin dose was detected $10{\mu}Sv$.

To evaluation of patients who have shoulder impingement syndrome is by diagnostic radiography. Shoulder impingement is a problem which occurs in young, active individuals as well as older individuals. In fact, the pain is probably caused by repetitive stress placed on the shoulder joint either through recreational activities of your occupation. Impingement series approach to radiographic examination of the shoulder is take five projections. First anteroposterior oblique projection. Second standard anteroposterior projection. Third superoinferior axial projection. Fourth supraspinatus outlet projection offers a view of the outlet of the supraspinatus tendon unit as it passes under the coraacromial arch. Fifth anteroposterior $30^{\circ}$ caudal projection will adequately demonstrate the anterior acromial spur or ossification in the coraacromial ligament and more reliable to demonstrate spurring of the anterior acromion than supraspinatus outlet projection. This decreased the need for additional radiographic veiws, reduces the patient's exposure to x - ray radiation and decreases use of film. This can lower the cost of the evaluation and improve patient satisfaction.

Because vocal technique is the basis of singing a song beautifully, so this study was undertaken to use the scientific and correct technique in order to get much better musical expressions. Shimadzu X - ray remote control TV system was used for checking the supporting state of diaphragmatic respiration after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 sec during phonation in the state of full inhalation between professional singer and non - professional singer. Shimadzu Magnet $nex-{\alpha}$(SMT -50CX/H) was used for examining the scattering state from the resonance of nasal cavity to that of cranial cavity on the basis of diaphragmatic respiration. The results obtained were summerized as follows : 1. The resonance of cranial cavity must be scattered by the energy of diaphragmatic respiration after gathering the foci of the fundamental 5 vowels. 2. while raising the epiglottis, the resonance of nasal cavity must be clearly in order to maintain the resonance of cranial cavity beautifully. 3. We can get musical expressions by maintaining the elasticity of diaphragmatic respiration.

In this study, we showed a comparison and analysis making use of DWI(diffusion weighted image) using early diagnosis of cerebral Infarction and with the classified T2 weighted image, FLAIR images signal intensity for brain infarction period. period of cerebral infarction after the condition of a disease by ischemic stroke. To compare 3 types of image, we performed polynomial warping and affined transform for image matching. Using proposed algorithm, calculated signal intensity difference between T2WI, DWI, FLAIR and DWI. The quantification values between hand made and calculated data are almost the same. We quantified the each period and performed pseudo color mapping by comparing signal intensity each other according to previously obtained hand made data, and compared the result of this paper according to obtained quantified data to that of doctors decision. The examined mean and standard deviation for each brain infarction stage are as follows ; the means and standard deviations of signal intensity difference between DWI and T2WI for each period are $197.7{\pm}6.9$ in hyperacute, $110.2{\pm}5.4$ in acute, and $67.8{\pm}7.2$ in subacute. And the means and standard deviations of signal intensity difference between DWI and FLAIR for each period are $199.8{\pm}7.5$ in hyperacute, $115.3{\pm}8.0$ in acute, and $70.9{\pm}5.8$ in subacute. We can quantificate and decide cerebral infarction period objectively. According to this study, DWI is very exact for early diagnosis. We classified the period of infarction occurrence to analyze the region of disease and normal region in DW, T2WI, FLAIR images.

It is important to identify modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, because the breast cancer is one of the major causs of mortality among women. Some reported that obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, but the results are not constant. Many risk factors are related to the duration of estrogenic stimulation of the breast. In general, early menarche and late menopause are positive risk factors. Human breast cancer has different characteristics according to the status of menopause(premenopause and postmenopause). In premenopausal women, about 60% of circulating estrogen is from the ovaries in the form of estradiol, and the remaining 40% is estrogen formed primarily in the adipose(fat) tissue via aromatization of androstenedion from the adrenal glands. After menopause this adipose cell production of estrone is the main source of estrogens and the level of estrone is maintained approximately at premenopausal levels. This study was undertaken to determine the role of body size and body mass index by status of menopause in development of breast cancer using retrospective case/control study. From March 1991 to February 1997 at the Wonkwang University Hospital, the breast cancer cases(n=72) and controls(n=86) were selected. By statistical analysis method, regression analysis, paired T-test and multiple logistic regression were done to estimate the influenced factors same as height, weight, BMI, age at menarche and age at menopause. The following results were obtained : 1. In premenopausal women, age at menarche was showed comparatively high correlation coefficients and BMI was described prominently highly in postmenopause. 2. At the results of multiple regression analysis, age at monarch, BMI and weight were showed as significant variables. In this method, critical factor ($R^2$) was 0.054. 3. Paired samples T-test was undertaken to test mean difference between two groups of cases and controls. The result of test performance showed a significant difference. 4. In comparison with women whose weight less than 50 kg, the ORs for the upper 5th group was 1.82(95% confidence interval). The heaviest women had a higher risk(OR=1.14, 95% confidence interval $1.12{\sim}1.31$, p=0.005). Higher body mass index was significantly associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (OR=1.01, 95% confidence interval $1.08{\sim}l.18$, p=0.05).

This report was the results of an investigation based on the status of the mammography in the 45 medical facilities in the areas of Seoul and Kyong-Gi Do. In regard to mammography we were able to understand the rectification method of the generator, the functions, the radiographic techniques, the patient exposure dose, etc. Recently, the occurrence of breast cancer has rapidly increased and has lead to increased interest in the early discovery of breast cancer. However, mammography has not kept up with the publics interests and its demand. The main problem is thought to be a wide great difference in the quality of the facilities, especially in the techniques of radiograpic and the capabilities of the generator, which would have a major effect on the grade management of the image quality. In order to be ready and keep up with the high rate of increase of breast cancer, the standardization of mammography and the grade management is urgently required as a solution to the problems in the increase of image qualify and the decrease of dose. It is regarded that the basic guide of the techniques of photography in the mammography, which is being used in all developed countries due to the influence of the USA, should be presented, especially in Korea, and for this, more active and enthusiastic education and enlightenment should be needed.

License system of radiologic technologists has been started since 1965 in Korea. This study is to explore directions on radiotechnologists' license system classified by subspecialty. For this purpose, the authors surveyed on radiotechnologists' license system classified by subspecialty, with the subject related to radiotechnologic societies. Additionally, data on qualification and license system associated with medical and health care field were collected. The results are as follows. 1. The main body for subspecialty system for radiologic technologists should be the Korea Radiologic Technologists Association and the Association should maintain a close cooperation with radiotechnologic societies. 2. A radiologic technologist should be a basic role once they pass the license examination. In addition, they can get a special qualification by subspecialty in radiologic technology. 3. Radiotechnologists' license system classified by subspecialty will be keep priorities in order and done systematically. Execution order is as follows ; This study proposes that radiotechnologists responsible for ultrasonography, computed tomography(CT), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and security management be started for the first stage. For the second stage, radiotechnologists for mammography, angio-cardiography, digital imaging, maxillo-facial and dental radiography, nuclear medicine, radio-therapeutic field should be in force. 4. Professional education course(basic and intensive) and clinical training program have to be made for the eligibility of radiotechnologists' license system classified by subspecialty. 5. Eligibility system of radiotechnologists' license system classified by subspecialty(non-government or government) has to be made. Further more, inquiry commission to investigate eligibility for radiotechnologists' license system should be established.

전신 ${\gamma}$-선 조사전 Grifola umbellata(Gu) 추출물의 단일 투여가 생쥐의 생존율, 체중, 기관 무게 및 혈액세포에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다 ${\gamma}$-선 조사 24시간 전에 Gu 추출물을 복강 투여하였을시, ${\gamma}$-선을 조사한 생쥐의 40-day 생존율을 65.5%에서 78.6%로 증가시켰다. Gu 추출물의 투여는 ${\gamma}$-선 조사에 의한 비장과 흉선의 무게 감소를 완전히 막아주었다(P<0.05, P<0.01) 또한 이와 유사하나 다소 적은 방사선 방호효과가 Gu 투여군의 고환에서도 관찰되었다(P<0.05). Gu 추출물의 투여는 ${\gamma}$-선 조사시 나타나는 조사 후 7일째까지의 백혈구와 림프구수의 현저한 감소를 지연시켰고, 회복속도를 촉진시켰다. 또한 21일째후의 적혈구수의 회복을 촉진시켰다. 이와 같은 결과에서 Gu 추출물의 방사선 방호효과를 알 수 있다.

In the present study, to determine whether the ascorbate protect against radiation damage and the possible relationship among the radioprotective effects and antioxidant actions, the effects of ascorbate(240 mg/kg, i.p) pretreatment of mice on the survival ratio, splenic weight, major antioxidant enzymes(SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) activities, glutathione contents and lipid peroxidation in the liver were examined for 2 weeks after whole-body ${\gamma}-irradiation$(6.5 Gy). The 30-day survival ratio Increased from 10% to 47% for mice treated with ascorbate. The ascorbate decreased the extent of loss in splenic weight and stimulated recovery of splenic weight in irradiated mice(p<0.01). On the day of 14 after ${\gamma-irradiation}$, the ascorbate pretreatment produced a slight increase of antioxidant enzymes activities and significantly increased reduced glutathione(GSH) contents(P<0.05) in the liver compared with non-treated group. Pretreatment with the ascorbate significantly decreased GSSG/total GSH ratio(p<0.05) without the change of GSSG in the liver and inhibited the radiation-induced increase in the hepatic malondialdehyde levels(p<0.05). In these results, we found that its radioprotective effect by protecting antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione contents from radiation induced a decrease, and thereby suppressing lipid peroxidation which is induced by free radicals.

This work was on the reduction of exposure dose and contrast improvement by Use of Heavy Elements Filter From the result of experimental evaluation, it was found that the beam harding of X-ray was not showed in Ho and Gd, heavy elements filters, contrast to Cu and Al filters In which the harding showed. And the ratio of transit dose to surface dose and the load of X-ray tube increase in order of Al, Cu, Gd and Ho, respectively. The contrast of X-ray images using the intensifying screen and the input phosphor showed the higher value in order of Cu, Al, Gd and Ho. Therefore, in the case of using contrast media and phosphor in region of diagnostic radiology, X-ray image quality depends primarily on kVp and heavy elements filters.

In this study, the highly sensitive $CaSO_4:Tm$-PTFE TLDs has been fabricated for the purpose of measurement of high energy electron. $CaSO_4:Tm$ phosphor powder was mixed with polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) powder and moulded in a disk type(diameter 8.5 mm. thickness $90\;mg/cm^2$) by cold pressing. The absorbed dose distribution and ranges for high energy electron were measured by using the $CaSO_4:Tm$-PTFE TLDs. The ranges determined were $R_{100}=14.5mm$, $R_{50}=24.1mm$ and $R_P=31.8mm$, respectively and the beam flatness, the variation of relative dose in 80% of the field size, was 4.5%. The fabricated $CaSO_4:Tm$-PTFE TLDs nay be utilized in radiation dosimetry for personal, absorbed dose and environmental monitoring.

In recent years, medical procedures have become more complex, while financial pressures for shortened hospital stays and increased efficiency in patient care have increased. As a result, several shortcomings of present film-based systems for managing medical images have become apparent. Maintaining film space is labor intensive and consumes valuable space. Because only single copies of radiological examinations exist, they are prone to being lost or misplaced, thereby consuming additional valuable time and expense. In this paper, MINI-PACS for image archiving, transmission, and viewing offers a solution to these problems. Proposed MINI-PACS consists of mainly four parts such as Web Module, Client-Server Module, Internal Module, Acquisition Module. In addition, MINI-PACS system includes DICOM Converter that Non-DICOM file format converts standard file format. In Client-Server Module case, Proposed system is combined both SCU(Service Class User: Client) part and SCP(Service Class Provider: Server)part therefore this system provides the high resolution image processing techniques based on windows platform. Because general PACS system is too expensive for Medium and Small hospitals to install and operate the full-PACS. Also, we constructed Web Module for database connection through the WWW.