This study is concentrated on the concept of health promotion through the consideration and the review of articles and books concerning the theory and practice of health promotion. The study results are as follows: Firstly, the early definitions of health promotion are behavior-oriented concepts in general. Secondly, the concepts of health promotion generally regard environmental factors as of great importance. Thirdly, the concepts of health promotion attach great importance to the aspect of policy. Fourthly, health promotion programs usually need the support from the study results of social epidemiology. Fifthly, some distinguished academic fields have been fused into an integrated field under the concept of health promotion. Sixthly, the two key concepts of health promotion are behavior and environment. This study concludes that health promotion can be defined as "the optimal combination of educational, medical and policy resources to maximize the health potential of people most efficiently or effectively through the change of their behavioral and environmental factors at the level of individual, organization or society.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of injury prevention education on elementary school students. We are selected two elementary school in Tejeon, one was intervention school, the other was control school. Surveys were completed before the begining of the interventions in February in 1994 and again after their completion in July 1994. Intervention group was 284 students in pre-test and 218 students in post-test. And control group was 253 students in pre-test and 208 students in post-test. The results of this study was followed. 1. In the general characteristics of subjects studied, sex, mother education, father education, economic status, number of household, and traffic environment were not significant difference between intervention and control group(p>0.05). 2. The contents of injury prevention education that subjects wished to learn, were not significant difference between intervention and control group(p>0.05). Also the mothods of that were significant difference between intervention and control group in pre-test(p<0.05) but not in post-test(p>0.05). 3. Education in knowledge, attitude and practice of injury prevention was slightly effectiveness. Change in attitude of injury prevention was higher than in knowledge and attitude of that we guess that they require a lot of education in the pedestrian prevention. 4. Reative risk between intervention and control group in injury incidence was 1.53 in hospital-care students, and 1.43 in home-care children. Also relative risk of total injury incidence was 1.38, therefore we knew that injury incidence after education was reduced. 5. In the analysis of injury causes, pedestrain injury was remarkably reduced at hospital-care students in two group. At home-care students, two groups were high proportion in play injury. 6. In the analysis of injury places, intervention group was high proportion at near-the house in pre-test(35.4%) and at school in post-test(36.4%). And control group was high at inside-the house in pre-test(31.5%) and at near-the house in post-test(28.2%).

AIDS preventional efforts need to be guided by well trained health care personnel especially by school nurses for the adolescents. This study was designed to get basic data about AIDS educational program development for school nurses. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify AIDS knowledg of school nurses 2) identify AIDS attitudes of school nurses and 3) identify association between AIDS knowledge and sociodemographic characteristics. Data were collected from 173 subjects in Chonbuk province. Self-reporting questionnaire were administered during the period from 1st of June to 30th of June, 1994. AIDS related knowledge was measured by using 44 questions on cause(3 items), testing(3 items), mode of transmission(15 items), clinical manifestations(5 items), treatment(3 items), prevention(5 items), complication(4 items), infection control(3 items) and Using resources(3 items). AIDS related attitudes were measured by five point Likert scales using 13 questions on perceived threats from AIDS crisis (4 items), perceived severity to AIDS(2 items), perceived needs about psychosocial care for HIV infected patients(3 items) and perceived educational needs of AIDS(4 items). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS/PC/sup +/, using percentages, Mean and S.D. descriptive purpose and t-test or F for comparing the variables. The major findings were as follows: 1. Respondents ranged in knowledge of AIDS between 0 and 44 with the 33.79 mean score. Percentage of correctly answered respondents to each categories - mode of transmission : 87.0% - clinical manifestation : 85.0% - cause : 82.5% - prevention : 81.5% - treatment : 76.1% - infection control : 72.8% - testing of HIV infection 71.8% - using community resourses : 50.9% - complication : 45.8% 2. The respondents' attitudes of AIDS The majority(70%) showed higher perceived threat The majority(91.3%) showed higher perceived severity to AIDS crisis As a whole, perceived needs about psychosocial care for HIV infected patients negative The majority (over 96.5%) showed highly perceived educational needs of AIDS. 3. The relationship between AIDS knowledge and each of those general character. AIDS knowledge shows significant difference with age(F=3.50, p<.016), years of professional experience(F=4.14, p<.007) and received lecture about AIDS(F=4.54, p<.000). There was no significant difference between AIDS knowledge and job satisfaction.

In order to study the factors influencing upon right medication of antibiotic for the consumers who can easily buy antibiotic from pharmacy, the study carried out questionnaires to 568 consumers who bought antibiotics from pharmacies located in Seoul And Kyung-gi do from the 1st of February, 1994 to the 28th of the same month. Materials have been analyzed with $X^-test$ of SAS, and its results are as follows. 1. Among 568 objects of this study, the group which can medicare antibiotic properly (the right use group of antibiotic) is 45.5% with 258, while the group which does not recognize correctly the use of antibiotic or does not have any information about it (the abuse group of antibiotic) is 54.6% with 310. 2. Knowledge for advantage of antibiotic the right use group has is high in comparing with that of the abuse group (p<0.001), and also in case of pregnancy, understanding for an adverse reaction of antibiotic is high (p<0.001). The right use group has had many chances to take health education (p<0.001), and the way to buy antibiotic is very safe (p<0.001). But there is no outstanding difference for recognition of an adverse reaction of antibiotic between two groups. 3. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group keeps well taking time of antibiotics as directions (p<0.001), and keeping rate of antibiotic dosage is high (p<0.001). Also the experiences of an adverse reaction of antibiotic is low (p<0.001). 4. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has high educational backgrounds (p<0.001) and many experiences of the education for health promotion (p<0.001), while there is no difference in age, sex, and economic status. 5. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has taken antibiotic many times (p<0.001), and there are many antibiotic takers of his/her family (p<0.01). 6. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has made much effort not only to check blood pressure and the pulse (p<0.05) but also for food habits (p<0.05). But there is no outstanding difference in the effort to get health information and the effort for regular exercises between these two group. 7. In comparing with the abuse group, the right use group has made an exertion in buying foodstuffs (p<0.001). But there is no big difference in efforts to keep the good attitude for physical health and mental heath, and sleeping hours between these two group.

The aim of this study was to research and compare the demographic characteristics of drug abusers with non-drug abusers among junior high school students in Japan through a closed format questionnaire. The same questionnaire and face-to-face interviews were used in order to find the circumstances of drug abuser among Kyogoin(a sort of child welfare institution) students in Japan. The goal of the study was to provide basic materials for preventive education of drug abuse through the two investigations mentioned above. Between July 1993 and November 1993, the information for this study was collected from 964 students from 4 junior high schools, and also 142 students from 3 Kyogoin in Japan. A total of 1106 questionnaires were completed resulting in a following response rate of 90.4%. Information was based on the scales : family relation scale, school life scale, recognition on danger of drug abuse scale, family environment scale (Moos, 1986), self esteem inventory (Coopersmith, 1967), etc. The conclusions can be summarized as follows : 1. Drug abusers are more likely to lake communication in their families and have poorer human relations than non-drug abusers. Also their school life scores tended to be lawer non-drug abusers. 2. It was between their 6th year of elementary school and their first of Junior high school when the drug was first used. The drug of choice which they made their first attempt at using was a volatile solvent which was inhaled. It is likely that this drug is "gateway-drug" for adolescents in Japan because they then also tried other drugs (e.g. cocaine, marijuana, etc.) step by step. 3. It is therefore clearly important that greatly increasing education on the harmful effects of drug abuse before the summer vacation of the first term of the sixth year of elementary school. At the same time, intervention in the family will have an effective prevention strategy in Japan, as well., as well.

In order to provide data of effective health education for practice of preventive health behavior for visual acuity care. The authors investgated the actual acuity and health behavior for visual acuity care. The subjects of this study were 2250 students in high school. The data were collected by questionnaire developed for the purpose of this study which has been made through references and student's health record. The results were as follows, 1) As students move up to grade, the number of students with decreased visual acuity had a tendency to increase. In cases with decreased visual acuity below 0.2 in one or both eye, the number of cases was increased in accordance with moving up to grade, especially visual acuity of right eye was more decreased than that of left eye. 2) As to proportion of the group with decreased visual acuity among the total students, among 2250 students, students with decreased visual acuity was 35.6%(800 students). According to school type, in academic school, frequency of students with decreased visual acuity in day school was higher then that in night school. In commercial school, the frequency of students who had decreased visual acuity in night school were higher than that of students in day school. 3) As to variables influencing the decreased visual activity, there was a significant different between groups with normal visual acuity and groups with subnormal in terms of awareness of visual acuity by themself, parent's visual acuity, unbalanced eating habit, distance from television, or books, posture in watching television, posture in reading, awareness of illumination in classroom. 4) As to practice of protective and preventive health behavior for visual acuity care, In group with normal visual acuity. There was good practice such as proper eating habit, proper studying habit, and health habit in its descending order, but proper illumination and regular eye test were practiced poorly. In group with subnormal visual acuity, one of the vest practice in visual acuity care was an effort to prevent eye strain. Other good practice involve tasking regular eye test, maintaining proper studing habit, in its descending order.

Owing to the use of many cultural facilities, the elevation of life standards and the high level progress of industry, visual impairment was on increasing trends. Especially due to studying for many hours, the myopia of adolescents became a serious social issue. The purpose of this study was to understand adolescent's wearing glasses and eyesight condition, whether the primary myopia factor and the subjective symptoms were different between the myopia group and the normal group, between the wearing glasses group and the non-wearing glasses group, and the effect on physical, mental and study activity of myopia. The subject of investigation was 627 middle school students in Seoul and the investigation was accomplished from July 7th, 1993 to July 12th, 1993. The data were analyzed by the percentage, x²-test, t-test and ANOVA of SPSS. The results were as followed; 1. The rate of the right and left eyesights higher than 0.8 in the normal group was 47.0%, and those less than 0.7 in the myopia group was 53.0%. In the boy students, the normal group was 54.1%, the myopia group was 45.9%. In the girl students, the normal group was 39.2%, the myopia group was 60.8%. Therefore the girl students' myopia rates were higher than the boy students', and this result was significant(p<0.01). 2. The rate of wearing glasses of the middle school students was 44.6%. The rate of wearing glasses of the girl students was 56.8%. The rate of wearing glasses of the girl students was higher than that of the boy students 43.2%. The rate of necessary glasses of the middle school students was 6.1% and the rate of necessary glasses of the boy students was 7.9%, the rate of necessary glasses of the girl students was 4.1%. 3. In case of a family member of the student wear glasses, the rate of wearing glasses was higher. 4. In the myopia group, the main reason for not wearing glasses was "Uncomfortable"(63.3% in the boy students, 40% in the girl students). In case of the girl students, "Nonpermission of their parents" was 18.7% and remarkably higher than 5.1% in case of the boy students. 5. The factor of myopia was that "The bad attitude of watching TV closely" was 19.9%, that "The dimly-lit room" was 6.6%. 6. In order to protect eyesight, the rate of the students who practiced "Looking at something from afar 3∼4times a day" was 37.3%, the rate of the students who did "Eye exercise" was 17.5%, the rate of the students who took "A medicine for promoting nutrition" was 12.9%. The rate of taking the medicine was higher than 3.5% in the normal eyesight group. 7. After near working, the point of subjective symptoms was higher in the myopia group than in the normal group and in the wearing glasses group than in the unwearing group and in the girl students than in the boy students. 8. The longer time to watch TV, the higher point of subjective symptoms. The longer distance to watch TV, the lower point of subjective symptoms(p<0.05).

The husband-wife Marital on Satisfaction is the important influence factor for stable home, family happiness and family management. As for the marital on satisfaction degree between husband-wife about 7,081 who have spouse and can married woman, the satisfaction degree was low, due to home economy state, education level difference from spouse, husband's job, arranged marriage based on parents advice, case that husband is the eldest son, case of wives who have job, conflict and dissatisfaction. In case that they trust and idealize mutually and wives have religion, their satisfaction degree was good.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the health status, the requirement of home nursing care, and dependency of daily life of the elderly so that the result could be used to provide basic data necessary for establishing home nursing care practices. The study subjects were 249 elders over 65 years old who resided at home in low income areas of three districts in Pusan. The field survey was conducted from December 27, 1993 through January 27, 1994, with a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by X²-test and Student's T-test using SPSS/PC/sup +/ program. The result were as follows; 1. Alcohol drinking rate was 50.0% for men and 27.7% for women, and cigarette smoking rate was 77.8% for men and 27.1% for women. 92.9% of elders aged 65-75 exercised regularly as compared to 81.9% of elders aged 75 and over(p<0.05). 2. 63.9% of male and 85.9% of female elders had chronic diseases showing singnificant differences(p<0.01), and both sexes had 1.7 kinds of chronic diseases in average; musculoskeletal diseases were the most common in 25.7%, while 6.8% of the elderly had cardiovascular diseases. 3. Partially movable elderly was 6.9% for men and 6.8% for woman, showing 47.1% of causes being cerebrovascular accidents. 4. The home nursing requirement was the highest for medication(66.3%), intramuscular injection(53.8%), and measurement of blood pressure·body·temperature·pulse rate(47.0%). 5. Among Physical Activities of Daily Life, bathing(10.4%) and movement(4.0%) showed high dependency rates, and among Instrumental Activities of Daily Life, phone calling(25.3%), shopping(24.5%), going out by bus(22.5%) showed high dependency rates. 6. For five categories of home nursing showing high requirements such as physical health examination, blood pressure·temperature·pulas rate measurements, medication, and intravascular injection, the requirements were different by age groups, education, and marital status(p<0.05).

The conecpt of hospice care for the terminally ill is a development of relatively modern times, although it has its origins in antiquity. The hospice will be able to handle progressively more and more patient, to the limit of its resources. The purposes of this study were to review of demand and issues of the hospice care programes and to recommand the hospice care approaches in south Korea that using the book-review method. At this point, although at present there is a general unawareness of hospice throughout Korean society, the public will become gradually aware of hospice. This will thus aid the development of hospices. Awareness will come about because of the educational efforts of medical schools, nursing schools, allied health training programs, practicing hospice care giver, universities, and others interested in hospice education. At present, there are many issues of the hospice care program that are hospice resources problems of manpower, facilities, finances, and cost of hospice services, quality of care, and ethics. Additional studies are needed to determine the most efficacious organizational hospice models for varying conditions. They will insist upon reasonable regulatory agency regulations that will promote the hospice idea and. permit adequate remuneration for services provided. More research is needed on health professionals', patients', and others' attitudes towards death.

년대별로 본 한국인의 성장발육상태를 서로 비교해 봄으로서 얼마나 향상되었나 알아보고자 1910년도부터 1994년까지 각 저자들의 성적을 조사분석한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 신체계측치인 신장, 체중, 흉위, 좌고는 가령에 따라 증가하고 있으나 성장 완료기에서는 각년도별로 점차 증가되었고 특히 1960년 이후 1994년에서는 그 성장이 현저하게 나타났다. 2. 신장과 체중은 평균 10년당 남자의 경우 1.3cm와 1.3kg씩 증가되었으며 여자는 1.6cm와 0.94kg씩 증가하였다(상기의 수치들은 평균증가치임). 3. 성장완료기에 있어서 각 년도별로 성장발육이 증가되었고 특히 1967년, 1983년, 1985년 그리고 1994년에 와서는 현저한 증가를 나타내었다. 이러한 현상은 사회적 경제적 제조건의 향상으로 한국인의 식생활이 좋아졌음으로 성장발육과 체위향상에 많은 영향을 미쳤다는 것을 입증하고 있다.