• Language and Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.113-144
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• 2010

The primary goal of this paper is to find a feasible way to answer the question: Does the similarity in meaning between verbs relate to the similarity in their subcategorization? In order to answer this question in a rather concrete way on the basis of a large set of English verbs, this study made use of various language resources, tools, and statistical methodologies. We first compiled a list of 678 verbs that were selected from the most and second most frequent word lists from the Colins Cobuild English Dictionary, which also appeared in WordNet 3.0. We calculated similarity measures between all the pairs of the words based on the 'jcn' algorithm (Jiang and Conrath, 1997) implemented in the WordNet::Similarity module (Pedersen, Patwardhan, and Michelizzi, 2004). The clustering process followed, first building similarity matrices out of the similarity measure values, next drawing dendrograms on the basis of the matricies, then finally getting 177 meaningful clusters (covering 437 verbs) that passed a certain level set by z-score. The subcategorization frames and their frequency values were taken from the ICE-GB. In order to calculate the Selectional Preference Strength (SPS) of the relationship between a verb and its subcategorizations, we relied on the Kullback-Leibler Divergence model (Resnik, 1996). The SPS values of the verbs in the same cluster were compared with each other, which served to give the statistical values that indicate how much the SPS values overlap between the subcategorization frames of the verbs. Our final analysis shows that the degree of overlap, or the relationship between semantic similarity and the subcategorization frames of the verbs in English, is equally spread out from the 'very strongly related' to the 'very weakly related'. Some semantically similar verbs share a lot in terms of their subcategorization frames, and some others indicate an average degree of strength in the relationship, while the others, though still semantically similar, tend to share little in their subcategorization frames.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.273-278
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• 2000

본 연구는 한국어 기능 범주(functional category)의 처리를 살펴보기 위하여 실문법증 환자를 대상으로 실시되었다. 일반적으로 수형도에서 기능 범주는 보문소구(Complementizer Phrase), 시제구(Tenxe Phrase), 일치소구(Agreement Phrase)의 순으로 구성되어 있다. 본 실험은 Grodzinsky(1997)의 수형도 가지치기 가설과 실문법증의 엄밀성 척도를 바탕으로 한국어 기능 범주의 처리에 있어서도 두 가지 가설의 적용이 타당한지 여부를 검증하기 위해 실시되었다. 실험 1은 일치소(Agr)의 처리를 살펴보기 위하여 실시되었는데, 국어의 존칭 선어말 어미를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 국어의 존칭선어말 어미는 크게 '-시-'삽입에 의한 존칭과 다른 어휘로 대체하는 보충법에 의한 존칭으로 구분된다. '-시-'삽입에 의한 존칭은 AgrP의 범주로 보충법에 의한 존칭은 동사구(Verb Phrase)의 범주로 설정하여 문법에 어려움을 보이는 실문법증의 경우 어휘부에 혹하는 보충법에 의한 존칭을 문법범주에 속하는 '-시-'삽입의 존칭보다 더 잘 할 것으로 가정하였다. 실험 2는 AgrP의 범주인 '-시-'선택의 장애가 TPqja주인 시제 선택에 역시 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가정아래 설계되었다. 수형도 상에서 '-시-'는 일치소(Agr)로서 시제(TP)의 아래에 위치하므로 실험 3은 '-시-'삽입 존칭과 시제에서 어려움이 보문소(CP)의 선택에 역시 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가정하에서 실시되었다. 실험 1의 결과 '-시-'삽입에 의한 존칭을 처리하는데 보충법에 의한 존칭보다 어려움을 보였다. 실험 2의 결과 '-시-'삽입 존칭에 어려움을 보인 환자는 시제 선어말 어미를 선택하는데도 어려움을 보임이 확인되었다. 실험 3 역시 실험 1과 실험2에서와 동일하게 처리의 어려움을 보였다. 이러한 실험 결과들은 국어의 존칭과 시제 선어말 어미가 통사부에서 구(XP)와 결합하여 새로운 구를 형성하는 통사적 접사로 해석할 수 있으며 Grodzinsky의 가설을 지지하는 결과를 보여 줌으로서 국어에서도 AgrP, TP, CP 사이의 통사적 위계가 있음을 뒷받침하는 증거가 된다.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2020

Objectives : This paper aims to understand the meaning of '少陰人 心之範圍' and to determine its clinical implication. Methods : First, the meaning of the verb '範圍' was examined in 『IChing·XiCi(周易·繫辭傳)』 from where it originated. Based on the findings, the meaning of '心之範圍' in the context of the nature and emotion[性情] of So-eumin as explained in the 『DongUisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)』 was further investigated. Moreover, the clinical significance of the observation of '心之範圍' in relation to determining prognosis was discussed in regards to 'visceral syncope[藏厥]' and 'exuberating yin separating yang[陰盛隔陽]' which come under the severe symptoms[危證] category in the disease pattern of So-eumin. Results : '範圍' as mentioned in 『IChing·XiCi(周易·繫辭傳)』 refers to the process of creating a framework that takes after the tendencies of the patterns of change of the external world that influences mankind. The objective of this process is to prepare for the excessiveness and insufficiency of the change that happens in the external world so as to ultimately protect all existences. The workings of '範圍' could be assumed on a personal level as well. As the nature and emotion of So-eumin is closely related to the purpose and object of '範圍', Yi Jema suggested that through observing whether the So-eumin exhibits '心之範圍' or not, that it could be determined whether his/her innate nature is being properly exercised or not. Conclusions : Whether one's agitation calms down or not even for a moment is the criteria for determining prognosis of the entire disease, while its calming-down relies on proper functioning of '心之範圍'. The way to determine this is through observation of the manifest attitude of the So-eumin. If the So-eumin displays a poised and autonomous[綽綽卓卓] attitude even for a moment, it could be understood as the '心之範圍' process being properly functioning, indicating the overall direction to be heading towards relief of the sense of instability, allowing for a positive outlook on treatment.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.1208-1221
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• 2006

In this paper, we implement an AAC(Augmentative and Alternative Communication) system based on image dictionary in order that speech defectives can easily communicate their opinion to others by using images. Normally, those who have a speech defect use only a few limited words to express their intentions and it is an effective way to use images in their communication because they have a difficulty in speaking. Therefore we make verbal images of verb and adjective that play an important role in expressing the speaker's intention, define pattern of semantic relation between the verbal images and noun images, and construct the image dictionary. In this AAC system, when a user clicks a verbal image, the system generates a sentence by selecting noun images which are component parts of corresponding pattern based on semantic relation with the verbal image. We evaluate the implemented system by how efficiently children of speech defect can express their intention and the result shows more than 70% of success rate in communication.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.984-989
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• 2005

This study aims to identify grammatical relations (GRs) in Korean sentences. The key task is to find the GRs in sentences in terms of such GR categories as subject, object, and adverbial. To overcome this problem, we are fared with the many ambiguities. We propose a statistical model, which resolves the grammatical relational ambiguity first, and then finds correct noun phrases (NPs) arguments of given verb phrases (VP) by using the probabilities of the GRs given NPs and VPs in sentences. The proposed model uses the characteristics of the Korean language such as distance, no-crossing and case property. We attempt to estimate the probabilities of GR given an NP and a VP with Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifiers. Through an experiment with a tree and GR tagged corpus for training the model, we achieved an overall accuracy of $84.8\%,\;94.1\%,\;and\;84.8\%$ in identifying subject, object, and adverbial relations in sentences, respectively.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2020

Since the opening of the national petition site, it has attracted much attention. In this paper, we perform topic analysis of the national petition site and propose a prediction model for answerable petitions based on deep learning. First, 1,500 petitions are collected, topics are extracted based on the petitions' contents. Main subjects are defined using K-means clustering algorithm, and detailed subjects are defined using topic modeling of petitions belonging to the main subjects. Also, long short-term memory (LSTM) is used for prediction of answerable petitions. Not only title and contents but also categories, length of text, and ratio of part of speech such as noun, adjective, adverb, verb are also used for the proposed model. Our experimental results show that the type 2 model using other features such as ratio of part of speech, length of text, and categories outperforms the type 1 model without other features.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.37-55
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to present a text summarization system using a knowledge base containing information about verbs and their arguments that are statistically obtained from a subject domain. The system consists of two modules: the training module and the summarization module. The training module is to extract cue verbs and their basic sentence patterns by counting the frequency of verbs and case markers respectively, and the summarization module is substantiate basic sentence patterns and to generate summaries. Basic sentence patterns are substantiated by applying substantiation rules to the syntactics structure of sentences. A summary is then produced by connecting simple sentences that the are generated through the substantiation module of basic sentence patterns. ‘robbery’in the daily newspapers are selected for a test collection. The system generates natural summaries without losing any essential information by combining both cue verbs and essential arguments. In addition, the use of statistical techniques makes it possible to apply this system to other subject domains through its learning capability.

• Language and Information
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.51-71
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• 2016

The status of the Korean morphological marker '-e ci' has been controversial whether it is a passive marker, an anticausative marker, or a passive/anticausative marker. However, the previous approaches that tried to classify '-e ci' constructions based on the syntactic verb classes (i.e. intransitive or transitive) were short of explaining the properties of the constructions. In this study, the '-e ci' constructions were distinguished based on agentivity, following Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) and Alexiadou et al. (2006). Moreover, how the verbal root meaning is associated with the passive/anticausative construction was investigated by means of Distributed Morphology (DM) (Embick 2010; Marantz 1997). I argued that the morphological marker '-e ci' is the instantiation of the absence of external arguments. With respect to the behavior of the Korean '-e ci' constructions with the semantics of each verbal root class, I found out that the '-e ci' constructions can form passives with the verbal roots that require the external arguments; whereas, the anticausatives cannot be formed with the roots that necessarily require the agentive arguments. However, contrary to the previous arguments that '-e ci' passives can be only formed with transitive verbs, it is discovered that non-agentive transitive roots do form anticausatives. Moreover, I argued that there are two types of the anticausatives - zero and '-e ci' anticausatives. Since the valency reduction is marked by the non-active voice morphology, the zero anticausatives appear only with the roots that do not require external arguments. The different '-e ci' constructions (passives, '-e ci', and zero anticausatives) are represented by the distinct syntactic structures. I proposed that the morphological similarity between the passives and the '-e ci' anticausatives is due to the presence of VoiceP, which introduces the external arguments. Moreover, the lack of the voice morphology in the zero anticausatives is explained by the absence of the VoiceP.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2001

In order to introduce bivoltine races in a tropical country like India, it is necessary to have stability in cocoon crop under high temperature environments. Unlike any temperate country like Japan, the rearing conditions/environment, climatic conditions, quality of mulberry leaf and incidence of diseases are unpredictable in India. Geneticists and breeders of all the sericultural countries have experienced the influence of environment during the process of breeding. in order to select efficiently the breeds with high temperature tolerance, it is verb important to analyse clearly the heritability nature of high temperature tolerance. In light of the above, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of high temperature treatment of (A) $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and 85${\pm}$5% RH for 24 hrs continuously, (B) $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and 85${\pm}$5% RH for 48 hrs continuously and (C) the control (25${\pm}1^{\circ}$ and 65${\pm}$5% RH in the normal rearing condition from the $3^{rd}of5^{th}$ instar on the pure races such as Moria, Nl37 and Cl46 as well as their Fl hybrids. The overall performance indicate that the hybrids are mare tolerant than the pure races. it was also observed that the overall performance declined in those batches where 48 hrs treatment was given. The most interesting observation noticed in this study was that there was maternal effect regarding temperature tolerance as evident from the better performance of those hybrids where the female parent used was more tolerant as pure race.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.289-301
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• 2001

A fractional step finite difference model for the longitudinal dispersion of nonconservative pollutants is applied to the Nakdong River to simulate the phenol spill accident which occurred on March, 1971. Prior to the dispersion calculation, the flow conditions are simulated to provide inputs to the dispersion model. An unsteady flow model based on Preissmann's four-point scheme is used for this purpose. Sensitivities of the dispersion calculation to empirical equations for dispersion coefficient and to the first-order decay coefficient are analyzed. The time to peak concentration at a downstream location is significantly different depending on the formula for the dispersion coefficient. Although the decay coefficient does not affect the shape of the temporal concentration distribution, the concentration values depend on the decay coefficient verb significantly. An optimization technique is used to calibrate the dispersion model as well as the flow model. The time to the peak concentration is simulated for major positions of water intake along the Nakdong River.