• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.2497-2502
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• 2010

Arg13 is a conserved active-site residue in all known Pi class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and in most Alpha class GSTs. To evaluate its contribution to substrate binding and catalysis of this residue, three mutants (R13A, R13K, and R13L) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by GSH affinity chromatography. The substitutions of Arg13 significantly affected GSH-conjugation activity, while scarcely affecting glutathione peroxidase or steroid isomerase activities. Mutation of Arg13 into Ala largely reduced the GSH-conjugation activity by approximately 85 - 95%, whereas substitutions by Lys and Leu barely affected activity. These results suggest that, in the GSH-conjugation activity of hGST P1-1, the contribution of Arg13 toward catalytic activity is highly dependent on substrate specificities and the size of the side chain at position 13. From the kinetic parameters, introduction of larger side chains at position 13 results in stronger affinity (Leu > Lys, Arg > Ala) towards GSH. The substitutions of Arg13 with alanine and leucine significantly affected $k_{cat}$, whereas substitution with Lys was similar to that of the wild type, indicating the significance of a positively charged residue at position 13. From the plots of log ($k_{cat}/{K_m}^{CDNB}$) against pH, the $pK_a$ values of the thiol group of GSH bound in R13A, R13K, and R13L were estimated to be 1.8, 1.4, and 1.8 pK units higher than the $pK_a$ value of the wild-type enzyme, demonstrating the contribution of the Arg13 guanidinium group to the electrostatic field in the active site. From these results, we suggest that contribution of Arg13 in substrate binding is highly dependent on the nature of the electrophilic substrates, while in the catalytic mechanism, it stabilizes the GSH thiolate through hydrogen bonding.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2020

Many countries are actively engaging in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and as part of this effort, gradually reducing the portion of coal power generation and instead increasing the portion of power generations from renewable energy sources and natural gas. Korea is taking a similar policy to expand LNG power generation for the next decade. There is a concern, though, about the policy not being aligned with the domestic industry development, since only a few products are being made in Korea along the LNG power generation industry value chain. Therefore in this paper, we first looked at the current status of the gas turbine and high temperature parts industry used for LNG power generation in Korea, and then looked into the industrial issues and challenges through the analysis of supply chains of the domestic gas turbine industry. Finally, we tried to propose strategies to revitalize and localize the domestic gas turbine and high temperature parts industry. The proposed strategies can be summarized as 1) creation of domestic gas turbine manufacturing ecosystem via construction of gas turbine alliance, 2) strategic R&D support for localization of gas turbine and high temperature parts, and 3) provision of domestic testbeds for technology evaluation and commercialization.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.254-262
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• 2009

Nine kinds of hydroxypropyl celluloses (HPCs) with degree of substitution (DS) and molar substitution (MS) ranging from 2.10 to 2.71 and 2.3 to 6.7, respectively and seven kinds of fully butanoated HPCs (BPCs) based on the HPCs with $2.3\;{\le}\;MS\;{\le}\;6.7$ were synthesized, and the molecular characteristics of HPCs and the thermotropic liquid crystalline properties of the derivatives were investigated. MS was nearly equal to DS for small value of DS, but it became exceedly larger than DS for $DS{\gtrsim}1$, showing that in the later stages of reaction, propylene oxide preferentially adds to the side chains rather than the main chain. All the derivatives formed enantiotropic cholesteric phases with right-handed helical structures. The glass and clearing transition temperatures of both HPCs and BPCs were decreased with increasing MS. The optical pitches (${\lambda}_m'S$) of BPCs, as well as HPCs themselves, increased with increasing temperature. However, the ${\lambda}_m'S$ of both HPCs and BPCs at the same temperature increased with increasing MS. Moreover, the temperature dependence of ${\lambda}_m$ of HPCs was weaker than that of BPCs, suggesting that the helical twisting power of the cellulose chain highly depends on the length and chemical structure of the side chain introduced in cellulose chain.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.169-179
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• 2013

Small and medium-sized firms are increasingly dependent on the knowledge and expertise of the supply chain as a whole to innovate and improve supply chain performance. This research examines the capabilities that enable firms to collaborate successfully, and aims to identify the determinants of SCM performance of the suppliers participating in supply chains managed by Global Korean companies. This study proposes the technology support, the collaboration with tier two companies, incentives and information sharing as major research variables, and collected the survey responses from 58 domestics suppliers. The statistical results indicate that the incentives, technology support and the collaboration with tier two firms influence the level of co-work with the firm leading supply chain, and that information sharing has some impact on SCM performance of the suppliers. But on the contrary to our expectation, the co-work with the firm leading supply chain has only moderate impact on SCM performance with p value just over 5%. We conclude this paper with some suggestions for future research.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.101-124
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• 2017

This study is to examine the current situation of the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) and analyze macroeconomic situation of Vietnam since the launch of AEC. According to recent trade indicators, Vietnam is expected to be more productive in the manufacturing and processing sectors because it is at the heart of the global value chains (GVCs) in electronics, telephones, and textiles and shoes industry. Vietnam has signed or is negotiating free trade agreements with various countries around the world including Korea, Israel, EU and RCEP and so on. Therefore, it is expected that Vietnam's trade dependency and FDI inflows to Vietnam increase more and more. However, the fact that the proportion of exports by foreign-invested companies accounts for about 70% of the total exports implies the uncertainty of Vietnam's economy in the future. Attracting FDI investment can further reduce the competitiveness of domestic companies in Vietnam. Therefore, in order for Vietnam to maintain sustainable development in the future, it is necessary to reform the momentum of foreign-invested enterprises to the development of Vietnamese companies.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.167-206
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• 2014

메콩 경제권(GMS)의 다양한 개발 현장 속에서 고무 나무로부터 채취하는 라텍스는 캄보디아, 라오스를 포함한 인도 차이나 반도 국가들 사이에서 주요 농업 활동으로 주목 받고 있다. 그러나 캄보디아와 라오스의 대형 플랜테이션은 여러 부정적인 결과들을 낳고 있다. 토지 점유, 계약 농업을 통한 착취 등으로 인해 역설적으로 농촌의 빈곤은 증가하고 있고 해외 투자자에 대한 재정적, 기술적 의존이 심화되고 환경 파괴가 일어나고 있다. 이러한 점들로 인해 소규모 자작농들에 주목할 필요가 있다. 고무 자작농은 고용을 창출하며 토지 점유를 방지한다. 본 연구는 캄보디아와 라오스의 소규모 고무 자작농들의 생계를 비교하며 고무 호황으로 어떠한 이득을 얻고 어떠한 형태로 생계를 개선할 수 있는지를 연구한다. 본 연구는 캄보디아의 Tboung Khmum 구역과 Somsanouk 마을의 사례 연구를 바탕으로 하였다. 실증적인 분석은 세 가지의 이론적 틀을 바탕으로 하였다. 미시-생계 연구, 글로벌 가치사슬 그리고 GMS에 대한 연구들이다. 실증 분석의 초점은 생계의 변화상과 결과(고용 창출과 빈곤 탈출)이다. 전체적으로 소규모 고무 자작농은 전망이 밝았으나 앞서 언급 된 문제점들로 인해 농촌 문제를 모두 해결할 수 있는 수단은 아니다. 중요한 유사성은 소규모 고무 자작농의 사회경제적 공헌이다. 연구 지역 두 곳에서 자작농들은 고무 농사는 생계를 개선하는 데에 좋은 수단이라고 답하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 낮은 교육 수준은 그들의 생계 전략을 불안정하게 하고 있다. 양쪽 지역에서 응답자들은 다른 주민을 따라 고무 농사를 시작했다고 대답했으며 경제, 환경적인 위험에 대해 충분히 인지하고 있지 못하였다. 이와 관련한 다른 유사점으로 소규모 자작농들을 지원할 수 있는 정부의 개입이 없었다는 것이다. 자금 조달은 고무 농사의 심각한 애로 사항 중 하나였다. 명확한 차이점으로 Tboung Khmum의 자작농들은 중개 상인에게 계약 관계를 맺지 않고 라텍스를 판매했으며 Somsanouk의 경우에는 고무 가격이 국제 시장의 영향을 받음에도 가장 높은 가격을 제시하는 상인에게 농민 전체가 같이 판매를 하였다. 이러한 현상은 GMS 내에서 이루어지고 있는 근대적인 경제 현상 에 농촌 공동체들이 다양하게 연결 되고 있음을 재확인한다. 게다가 Somsanouk 마을에서는 사이짓기를 하는 경우가 없었다. 이는 투자자들이 생산량을 극대화하기 위해 자작농들에게 사이짓기를 장려하지 않았기 때문이다. Tboung Khmum 마을의 경우 고무와 더불어 고무 이전의 주요 작물이던 카사바를 같이 재배했다. 요약하면, 자작농에 의한 소규모 고무농업은 (비록 농촌의 모든 어려움을 해결할 수는 없지만) 토지점유 등 부정적 현상이 나타나는 대규모 플렌테이션에 비해 유의미한 일자리를 창출하는 등 미래를 위한 보다 나은 대안이 될 수 있다. 농촌 생활의 질을 개선하기 위해서는 7년 간의 고무 생육기간 동안 농가가 감수해야 하는 사회-경제적 불안정성을 해결하고 대안적 소득원을 마련할 필요가 있다

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

The film enters the color film from black and white, and the screen image changes qualitatively. The color in the film not only has the reproduction function of the restoration object like the objective appearance, but also has the function of conveying different subjective emotions. It can express the color and can't express it. The artistic effect conveys the information content that the story itself can't convey, so the color of the film becomes an important part of the film language. The color in the film is presented on the screen in the form of single-screen color, scene color, full-color color tone, and various color chains designed according to different contradictions and conflicts. Because the film art and art means are assembled by montage, he colors in the picture also form a montage form. People call it "color montage". People's subjective nature of color criticism and acceptance of color language also depend on various local tones. The accurate expression of the relationship, the unique attribute of color determines that the color must enter the structural state in order to express its unique charm. The color of the film only has the real aesthetic value when it enters the level of "color structure". This paper studies the color of Chinese and Western films from the differences between the color thinking of Chinese and Western film directors and the cultural implication of Chinese and Western film colors. The western film director emphasizes the structure of color and pays attention to the use of tonal montage to convey the characters. Emotions reflect the characteristics of a subjective color. Beginning with the "fifth-generation" director of Chinese film, the new journey of film color language has been opened. In the process of blending love and scenery, the film style of "image-in-one" has been achieved.

• Iberoamérica
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-105
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• 2019

This paper deals with the regional asymmetries of MERCOSUR and regional development cooperation for its solution. Through the formation of a common market, the countries of Southern Cone expected to grow evenly. However MERCOSUR had structural asymmetry from the beginning and exposed policy asymmetry over time. It is basically due to the overwhelming influences of Brazil on MERCOSUR. With regard to asymmetries, Paraguay calls for special and differential treatment. Uruguay wants equitable application of market liberalization. Argentine emphasizes production integration based on the development of value chains. In the issue of asymmetries, while Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentine act as petitioners, Brazil is capable of selecting the initiatives. Under these circumstances MERCOSUR has established FOCEM as regional redistribution mechanism. FOCEM has achieved some results as seen in Paraguay, but there are still problems such as financial limitations and lack of enforcement. In oder to activate the redistributive mechanism for regional integration and to coordinate the policies to resolve regional disparities, transnational governance is essential but all member countries are reluctant to it. To date, regional asymmetries or development gaps have persisted and disparities in individual countries remains a problem.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.169-189
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• 2023

The study aims to synthesize the discussion of the innovation district and suggest an alternative to the governance system of the innovation district. Cluster policies that focus on industrial specialization, networking, value chains, and industrial ecosystems have shown some problems and limits in advanced industrial economies. The innovation district, suitable for the era of urban innovation, convergence of industry, housing, leisure, and related variety, emphasizes cooperation through the convergence of various innovations, workshops and industries, and communities. It is important to build a quintuple helix based on cooperative governance through public-private partnerships, integrate the physical and cultural atmosphere, and service industries that strengthen the place prestige. Beyond the industrial aspect, innovation districts can facilitate changes in urban amenities and lifestyles and creative atmosphere, such as diversity, lifestyle, charms, and openness, and promote social vitality and economic interactions. The governance of innovative districts can promote inter-organizational exchanges, and combinations. When knowledge is created through exchanges between companies, it also affects changes in the governance system, evolving from a rigid and centralized system to an open, dynamic, and organic system. Through the innovation policy, the existing Central Business Districts (CBD) can be able to be transformed into a Central Lifestyle Districts (CLD).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.522-540
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• 2012

The main aim of the paper is to identify the position or status of Korean economic geography in changing global economic geography by reviewing papers published in Korean geographical journals since the mid-1950s. Since the late 20th century as economic geography has developed significantly with the introduction of new research issues, methodologies, and theory and concepts, economic geography in Korea also has gone through rapid development in terms of both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The paper attempts to analyze trends in Korean economic geography by reviewing agricultural, industrial, commercial geographies, and others since the mid-1950s. The review of economic geography in Korea would be based on four periods classified by research issues and approaches; foundation (~1950s), positioning (1960s and 1970s), jump and rush (1980s and mid-1990s), and transitional period (late 1990s~). Agricultural geography in Korea has decreased due to increases of the interests in industrial geography since the 1980s. In particular, since the late 1990s industrial geography has undergone a significant transition in accordance with the emergence of new theories of institutional perspectives, centering around issues on value chains, innovative cluster, cooperative and competitive networks, foreign direct investment, flexible specialization and venture ecology. Along with this, there has been changes in the interest of commercial geography in Korea from researches on periodical markets, the structure of store formats, and distributions by commodity, to researches on producer services and retailer's locational behaviors and commercial supremacy according to the emergence of new store formats. Since the late 1990s, many researches and discussions associated with the new economic geography began to emerge in Korea. Various research issues are focused on analyzing changes of local, regional and global economic spaces and their processes in relation to institutional perspectives, knowledge and innovation, production chain and innovative networks, industrial clusters and RIS, and geographies of service. Although economic geography in Korea has developed significantly both in quantitative and qualitative perspectives, we pointed out that it has still limited in some specific scope and issues. Therefore, it is likely to imply that its scope and issues should be diversified with new perspectives and approaches.