• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.14-25
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• 2009

We live in an age which is exponentially growing as the knowledge paradigm is changing. New sites are subject to contemporary landscape architecture function as "fields" in which this hybrid aspect is both actively practiced and becoming a catalyst for change in the area of landscape architecture. With this as its background, this study attempts to deal with how the aspect of integration in environmental design is manifested. For this purpose, the tendencies for the discussion of integration in various fields of practice were examined: planning theories, urban theories, architecture, public environment, engineering, and landscape architecture. As yet, the discussions of interdisciplinary integration, which occur in practice in these respective fields, mainly tend to be oriented toward the effective implementation of the merits of other related fields. Seen from these examples of practice, integrated design approaches can be found in the following three aspects: design objects, respective professional areas, and methodologies of approaches and design. In terms of design objects, the positions of individual design subjects present themselves as most obvious, and integration or combination of the physical targets that come to exist through design can be easily seen. Most examples of integration turn out to be this, in almost every case of which the theme and the target of expression are integrated via a small number of certain methods. In terms of professional areas, what can be mainly evidenced is how the individual subject acts when the subject designs. The strong points of professionals from each field seem to create synergy, achieving through integration optimum results. In terms of methodologies of approaches and design, there are attempts to create integrated approaches as ways of effective decision-making, in which case the integration of all of the interest parties is of primary concern. As yet, few instances have been found in which integrated design has had enough strength to be seen as a concrete design methodology based on practical examples. However, it is encouraging that theoretical approaches and the necessity for integrated design have been identified from multiple perspectives, and that a practical movement such as landscape urbanism has come into active being. The authors of this study find this point in time to be ripe for discussions on integrated practices in terms of environmental design, on the basis of the synthetic approaches mentioned above.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 2009

The poem 'Kyungjusipiyung(慶州十二詠)' written by Seo, Geo-jeong(徐居正) describes sentiments felt for the ruined historical and cultural landscape of Silla's capital city, Kyungju. It differs from the existing 'Eight Sceneries(八景)' as it conveys the strong metaphorical aesthetics of ruins as the episodes and figures are sung, as well as the myths and stories related to the representative holy places of the Silla culture: Gyelim(鷄林), Banwolseong(半月城), Najeong(蘿井), Oneung(五陵), Geumosan(金鰲山), the scenic beauty of deep placeness, Poseokjeong(鮑石亭), Mooncheon(蚊川), Cheomseongdae(瞻星臺), Boonhwangsa(芬皇寺), Youngmyosa(靈妙寺) and Grave of the General Kim Yu-Sin(金庾信墓). Compared with the former "Eight Sceneries" Poems, including Seo Geojeong's 'Kyungjusipiyung', there is a difference in the content of theme recitation, as well as in structure and form, especially with the deep impression of the classical features of the meanings and acts. The sequence of theme recitation seems to be composed of more than two visual corridors visited during trips that last longer than two days. The dominant emotions expresses in this poem, through written in the spring, are regret and sadness such as 'worn', 'broken and ruined', 'old and sad', without touching on the beauty of nature and the taste for life that is found in most of the Eight Sceneries Poems. Thus, the feelings of the reciter himself, Seo, Geo-jeong, about the described sceneries and their symbolism are more greatly emphasized than the beauty of form. The characteristic aspect of his experiences of ruins expressed from 'Kyungjusipiyung' is that the experiences were, first of all, qualitative of the aura conveyed; that is, the quality omnipresent throughout the culture of Silla as reflected in the twelve historical and cultural landscapes. In this poem, the cultural ruins of the invisible dimension such as the myths and legends are described by repetition, parallelism, juxtaposition, reflection and admiration from the antiphrases, as well as the civilized ruins of the visible dimension such as the various sceneries and features of Kyungju. This seems to be characteristic of the methods by which Seo, Geo-jeong appreciates 'Silla' in the poem 'Kyungjusipiyung'. Ruins as an Aesthetic Object imply the noble pride of Seo, Geo-jeong in identifying himself with the great nature of ruins. In 'Kyungjusipiyung', the images of the ruins of Silla and Kyungju are interspersed in spite of his positive recognition of 'the village of Kyungju' based on his records. However, though the concept of ruins has a pessimistic tone connoting the road of extinction and downfall, the aspect here seems to ambivalently contain the desire to recover and revive Kyungju through the Chosun Dynasty as adominant influence on the earlier Chosun's literary tide. The aesthetics of the scenery found in Seo, Geo-jeong's 'Kyungjusipiyung' contain the strongest of metaphor and symbolism by converting the experiences of the paradoxical ruins into the value of reflective experiences.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2016

This study is to suggest the necessity of landscaping alternatives for succession of Takjok(濯足) culture by considering the background and meaning of Takjok's cultural phenomenon shown in old literatures, paintings and ruins of landscape architecture as a front morphemes. Its result is as follows. 1. An old idiom, 'Takyung Takjok(濯纓濯足)' implying a disinterested living attitude from the mundane world and an attitude complying with the nature, has been sublimated to 'Takjokjiyu(濯足之遊)' which means living in comfortable retirement through life in seclusion(隱逸). 2. The meaning of Takjok did not expand into, not only Takyung Takjok, but also into Takcheong(濯淸), Tako(濯吾), and Taksa(濯斯) with continued expansion in its meaning. The spaces the meaning of Takyung Takjok is implied on have also newly expanded into the artificial spaces, including Jeong(亭-pavilion) Jae(齋-house) Heon(軒-eaves), and Ji(池-pond), as well as the natural spaces, including Am(巖-rock) Dae(臺-flat foundation) Dam(潭-deep pond) Ban(盤-dish rock) Seok(石-stone) So(沼-shallow pond) San(山-mountain) Bong(峰-peak), and Cheon(泉-water hole). 3. As seen here, the cultural phenomenon of Takyung Takjok, which have derived from the Dangho(堂號) of buildings, the names of natural objects in Palgyung and Gugok(eight sceneries and nine curves), facilities of Byeolseo garden and Seowon, and the Amgakseo in nature, is worth noting. 4. It should be considered that Takjok includes ordinary people's wisdom to resist the hot weather as well as classical scholar's ideal and the veneration of antiquity. From this perspective, water space, Takjok rocks, and use of water based on the environmental supportability should be newly focused as a recreational space and it reminds us that the spirit of Takjok is a classical mental healing method.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.65-78
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• 2018

In As urban apartment are aging, the necessity of reconstruction or remodeling to extend the life of buildings is increasing. In such a case, a co-housing association is formed to implement decisions on reconstruction or remodeling projects. At this time, the most important thing for the co-housing association is the business feasibility based on the input of the construction cost.In the case of reconstruction, it is possible to estimate the construction cost by using the accumulated construction cost data, and then evaluate the feasibility using the construction cost. However, in case of remodeling, it is difficult to calculate the accurate construction cost because the number of accumulated construction cost data is small. In addition, non-specialist clients often require estimates of various design factors, often negatively impacting the accuracy of estimates and the duration of estimates. Therefore, in this study, proposed method to reflect the opinion of the owner who is a non-expert, as a design element, and a method of calculating the expected construction cost according to the design element, and constructed this system so that it can be easily used by the non-specialist owner. In order to clearly reflect the requirements of the non-specialist owner in the estimates, extracts the design elements from the existing remodeling cases, classify them, and suggest a plan for the client to choose. In order to reflect the design factors to the estimates, the existing apartment house remodeling cases were investigated and the design factors were extracted to have a large effect on the construction cost. Finally, developed system based on MS Excel so that the above contents can be easily used by a non-specialist client. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed estimate in this study, verified the accuracy of 80% of the results by substituting the case of remodeling quotations and obtained a positive result from the questionnaire survey to examine the ease of use of the non-specialist customer. In this study, propose an estimate estimation method using four cases. If the remodeling cases are accumulated continuously, the expected effect of this study will be higher.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2000

Objects：This study was designed for studying of current Korean adolescents computer game playing habits and exploring associations with parental rearing patterns and individual psychopathology. Methods：One hundred twenty four adolescents(age 13-15) who reside in urban area completed self-report questionnaires containing Questionnaires designed by authors, Symptom Checklist-90-Revision of Korean Version(SCL-90-R) and Parental Bonding Instrument(PBI). Results：1) Computer game playing appears to be one of the social and leisure phenomena in these days. Although Adolescents spend a lot of times on computer game, Many of them perceive not problematic. 2) Compared with females, Male play computer games more regularly, more longer, spent more times in gamebang. 3) There was positive relationship between anxiety subscale in SCL-90-R and detrimental effects of computer game. 4) There was positive relationship between game frequency and maternal overprotection. 5) The main reasons for playing are 'for an avoidance of stressful life events', academic burden was the most troublesome issues in korean adolescents. 6) Many adolescents use gamebang as a social place, but they thought that gamebang is not good places to have a good time. Conclusion：This papers shows that computer game playing is a popular social leisure activity in Korean adolescents. And, Most of korean adolescents reported that they are suffered from pressure of academic achievements. They use computer game mainly by means of relieving academic pressures. In a heavy game users who have many conflicts with parents, teacher and who has frequent truancy and social withdrawal show significant anxiety. Maternal overprotection was observed in heavy game users. Authors recommended that clinicians should be careful in examining heavy computer game behaviors. Both underlying affective states and environmental influences, including family situations should be vicariously examined.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 1987

It is widely recognized that primary health care in the community is one of the most important and effective health measures in these days. However, it is reality that unsatisfactory health care system, ineffective utilization of health care by the community people in the rural area are hampering better understanding for primary health care. Therefore promoting health for the rural people and increasing understanding about primary health care, the baseline survey in the community focused in examination for safe community water supply was carried out. The survey was conducted through August 25-31, 1986 in order to find out health problems and relevant factors and to define the demographic characteristics of $^*$Sanpuk village, Kumsa-Myun, Yuju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do, Korea. Household survey was carried out for every home by trained interviewers. The major results are found out as follows : 1) 84.2%(400 houses) of total households were surveyed because 15.8%(75 houses) were unable to survey due to either refusal against interview or absence of family. These 400 households were composed of 1,697 residents(male:830, female 867). Educational level of respondents showed 34.1% as elementary school graduated. Religion distribution showed Buddism(23.8%) as the most dominant. 50.7% of respondents married in the area. 2) Most households(91.5%) have lived in their own house in Sanpuk area. Average family size showed 4.3. More than half of residents(64.2%) have used public supplied water tap. Only 1.5% of the households had a flush toliet. The rest of households have still used primitive insanitary latrines. 3) 32.5% of residents have used gas burner for cooking and for heating in the house, and the coal briquet were used for boiler. Lack of convenient public transportation was the chief complaint for their day life. 4) Each household occupied 1,990 pyungs of rice paddy and 1,170 pyungs of ordinary field in average. Beside farming products, mushroom was the highest product. 5) Sixth percent of households in the survey area regularly participated in community meeting one hand and on the other hand 39.5% never participated. Most of respondents closely contacted with their neighbours and they seemed very friendly each other. 6) The prevalence rate of illness and injury during recent 15 days showed 48.3 per 1,000. The prevalence rate of chronic illnesses during the past one year showed 74 per 1,000. Injury and accident lead the higher portion(22.0%) in the former and in the latter pain(arthritis, back-pain) showed 27.0% as the dominant sickness. 87.8% of the ill residents in the former received medical treatment. As the most frequently utilized medical facility, the clinic or hospital were counted. Among the residents suffering from chronic illnesses, 77.3% in Sanpuk area get some kind of medical treatments and they rarely utilized the clinic or hospital. The reason why the patient did not receive any medical care was found out the fact that symptoms of illness was light or mild and economic problems was serious. 7) Average age of marriage showed 21.6 years old in the women and the average duration of marital period was shown for 15.1 years. The married woman in reproductive age in Sanpuk area had experienced pregnancies 4 times in the aver-age including 0.7 time of pregnancy in average were interrupted by induced abortion and 0.3 time by spontaneous abortion respectively. The practicing rate of the family planning of the married woman during reproductive ages showed 70.7% and the tuballigation was found out as the most frequently used contraceptives. 8) Among woman who has children under 2 years old, 70.0% had received the prenatal care for the last pregnancy. However, the average number of prenatal care visitis per woman showed 3.3 times. Fifty-two % of woman who received the postnatal care for the last delivery showed only 37.5%. 9) Immunization rate of the children under 2 years old showed relatively high and looked successful. The breast feeding for these children showed dominantly in the most. Most of the mothers in Sanpuk area had started the supplementary diet during weaning period of their infants of 6th and 7th month after birth. * : Sanpuk area is a demstration area for community development which has been supported by the Community Development Foundation during the part 10 years. The village is relatively closer to urban area such as Seoul, However, it has a similar characteristics shown as a remote village because of geographical location and inconvenient transportation at present.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.51
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• pp.26-46
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• 2010

This study interprets Cheong-gye-cheon restoration as a process of space production during expansion of capitalism, and performs discourse analysis in order to find out that how media discourse has been related to the production of Cheong-gye-cheon space in each period of historical changes. This paper is particularly concentrating on discovering regulation in discourse which connects people's experiences and perception towards certain ways in the relationship between newly producted space and media discourse. This paper construes the period of 1960s as a process which pre-modern bodies and facilities were changed into modern and urban 'daily life' by practicing a space which splitted in a concept of time efficiency. In 1980s, media represented the facilities which had been constructed at the Cheong-gye-cheon space as a 'disqualified facilities for a center of the city'. This is because, tertiary industries were emerged at the 'Gang-nam' in this period which widen the gap of finance between 'Gang-nam' and 'Gang-Buk'. The government wanted to redevelop this space in order to function accumulating capital efficiently. Therefore shop owners nearby Cheong-gye-cheon were forced to move out. The discourse, 'disqualified facilities for a center of the city', implicates this process. The media discourse in the 2000s produced the 'myth' through the 'signifier' such as artificially flowing water, fine scenery, historical but artificial structure and etc.. However, people can experience symbols of the artificial structures which leads people to the luxurious restaurants, coffee shops, and etc.. Naturally, the spectacles produced by media direct people to the homogeneous pattern of consume. This phenomena can be explained as a process which people practice, intentionally or non-intentionally, the capitalistic mode of production which changed from a period of production to a period of consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.66-80
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• 2009

This paper attempts to investigate how the cultural phenomena associated with 'Wuyi-Doga(武夷棹歌)' and 'Wuyi-Gugok (武夷九曲)' was introduced to Joseon. The icon and code of 'Gugok' cultural text which was observed in the process of transmitting the culture through repetition and imitation were examined. With regard to research methodology, an 'analysis and discussion framework' was designed based on the literature review, field survey and the seven textuality criteria proposed by Dressier. Then the textuality of 'Wuyi-Gugok' was analyzed in terms of the dependent relation of text, the relationship between the creator and user, repetition, imitation and the spread process. Since ZhouHee(朱熙)'s 'Wuyi-Doga' and 'Wuyi-Gugok' were introduced to Joseon through literature and paintings, they became a part of the cultural Phenomena with unprecedented popularity. As a result, a great number of imitations can be found. In addition, governors would even take care of political affairs in a scenic mountain valley as described in this literature. Regardless of the writer's intentiot 'Gugok' settled in Joseon as new culture in harmony with Taoism and Sung COnfucianism. In other words, Joseon's Gugok-Wonlim(九曲園林) accepted the nature-appreciation aesthetic consciousness in 'Wuyi-Doga' and 'Wuyi-Gugok' on the basis of Taoism and Sung Confucianism. In terms of the text-based dependent relation only, however, the geographical coherence was somewhat loosened while the Gugok Culture that was dependent on Taoism or elegance in life dominated the internal structure of the textuality. Meantime, the internal factors that dominated the textuality of 'Wdyi-Gugok' were interpreted as 1) 'Aesthetics of Bending, Water Whirls', 2) 'Territoriality Expression Carve letters,' 3) 'Cultural Landscape seeing through the Speculation of Meaning,' 4) 'The Pursuit of Oddness and Presentationism' and 5) 'Transcendental Landscape of Taoism and Topos.'

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.81-90
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• 2009

This study seeks those elements that form a sense of place in Yen-Ben Street, which represents a typical ethnic enclave in Seoul, to provide a basic resource in the creation of an urban landscape that can provide a positive space for cultural diversity. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, the element of a physical environment that develops a sense of place was in fact the poor dwellings that correspond to the economic condition of Korean Chinese. While this element has a negative cognition to outsiders, Korean Chinese feel positively toward it. Secondly, signboards were a physical element of sense of place which retains cultural identity as a means of communication inside the community. Thirdly, it was found that activities such as shopping, recreation, and the exchange of information that are found in the pursuit of daily life act as an essential element in the formation of a sense of place even more than architectural elements. Fourthly, the appropriation of space by Korean Chinese and the isolation from the surroundings were obvious. This isolation is perceived as a negative sense of place formation to outsiders in Yen-Ben Street. Fifthly, the aspects of cultural dualism, mingling the concepts of home country, language, writing, and food have also affected the formation of a sense of place in the area. Sixthly, transience was a prominent phenomenon of Yen-Ben Street and is strengthened by illegal immigration. Although transience causes negative impacts such as in a lack of concern for the residential environment, it acts as a positive factor in the sense of place by mitigating uneasiness, and strengthening insider ties and cooperation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

This study examines the authentic meaning, location, garden layout, and structural characteristics of Suwoojae(守愚齋), the birth house of Garam Byungi Lee, which was the very epitome of the traditional house structure based on literature review, field survey, and the existing measured drawings. The followings explain how rusticity and spirit of scholars, the core concepts of Garam's poetry, were featured in structural and spacial arrangements of Suwoojae as well as its location and physical layout. 1. Suwoojae is enclosed by Cheonho mountain which fans out of Noryoung mountains in East and located on the tail of Yongwha mountain in West. It has proved to be Yangtack Myoungdang according to the Poongsoo theory, Inguljiryoungron; The energy of earth at a certain location results in the better fortune together with the energy emitted from human body. 2. Suwoojae is an official local monument which was built in 1844, late Joesoen Dynasty by Joheung Lee, Garam's grandfather. Some parts of inner-structure connect with the kitchen in the shape of called Gopae. Suwoojae consists of 4 Sarangchae, 3 Gobangchae, and a Jangdokdae behind Anchae. 3. Since inner and outer walls of Suwoojae are distinctly separate from the main structure, its look varies significantly from different angles. Suwoojae, in its entirety, discloses Garam's philosophy, ideas, and ideology on life and the universe. 4. Apricot trees, Japanese-magnolias, aromatic-trees, crape myrtle, white-magnolias, camellia-trees were planted on the left of the walls, and persimmon trees, jujube trees, plum trees, quince trees were at the inner-yard. Especially, trifoliate orange trees a natural monument of Jeonrabukdo draw substantial attention from visitors. 5. The main garden facilities are located in front of Sarangchae: A rectangle pond(14.72m in length and 3.87m in height), the surroundings of the pond and Anchae, rocks that have distinctive shapes. In general, the garden was designed to incorporate the scenery around Suwoojae as a part of its structure and contain the love for nature and aesthetic sense. 6. It seems that the natural surroundings of Suwoojae had helped form motives of Garam's poetry and assisted him in finding subject-matters and identifying the themes of his works. This is well revealed in his poem, Seungwoonjungee.