• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.661-670
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• 2017

The dynamic model test of dam-reservoir coupling system for a 203m high gravity dam is performed to investigate effects of reservoir water on dynamic responses of dam during earthquake. The hydrodynamic pressure under condition of full reservoir, natural frequencies and acceleration amplification factors along the dam height under conditions of full and empty reservoir are obtained from the test. The results indicate that the reservoir water have a stronger influence on the dynamic responses of dam. The measured natural frequency of the dam model under full reservoir is 21.7% lower than that of empty reservoir, and the acceleration amplification factor at dam crest under full reservoir is 18% larger than that under empty reservoir. Seismic dynamic analysis of the gravity dams with five different heights is performed with the Fluid-Structure Coupling Model (FSCM). The hydrodynamic pressures from Westergaard formula are overestimated in the lower part of the dam body and underestimated in its upper part to compare with those from the FSCM. The underestimation and overestimation are more significance with the increase of the dam height. The position of the maximum hydrodynamic pressure from the FSCM is raised with the increase of dam height. In view of the above, the Westergaard formula is modified with consideration in the influence of the height of dam, the elasticity of dam on the hydrodynamic pressure. The solutions of modified Westergaard formula are quite coincident with the hydrodynamic pressures in the model test and the previous report.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2009

각 계층 네트워크가 세마포에 의하여 용량제한을 갖는 중첩형 대기행렬 네트워크의 평균대기시간에 관하여 연구하였다. 중첩형 대기행렬 네트워크는 고객의 대기시간 관점에서 보다 간단한 대기행렬 네트워크로 변환될 수 있다. 이러한 중첩형 대기행렬 네트워크의 가장 중요한 특성은 하위계층의 흐름이 상위 계층의 상태에 의존적이며, 제한을 받는다는 것이다. 이러한 형태의 대기행렬 네트워크는 성능분석을 정확히 할 수 없기 때문에, 변환된 중첩형 대기행렬 네트워크를 이용하여 평균대기시간에 대한 하한과 상한을 분석하고자 한다. 모의실험에 관한 측정은 도착분포가 단계형태 분포로서 포아송, 얼랑 그리고 초지수분포에 관하여 조사하였다. 이렇게 구한 범위는 추후에 좀 더 근접한 근사치를 구하는데 이용할 수 있다.

• 인지과학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.95-126
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 인간언어공학에서의 활용을 위해 매우 이질적인 세종전자사전의 의미부류(SJSC)와 KorLexNoun 1.5(KLN)의 상위노드 간의 사상을 목표로, '의미 입자(sense grain)가 작은 개념체계(fine-grained ontology)' 간 귀납적이며 상향적인 수동 사상 방법론을 제안하였다. 동시에 이종 자원 간의 사상에 있어 각 의미체계의 이질성 때문에 발생하는 여러 가지 문제점을 살펴보고, 그 해결방안도 제안하였다. 두 이종 개념체계 간의 사상 방법은 SJSC의 단말 노드와 KLN의 Least Upper Bound(LUB)를 기본단위로 하여, 첫째, 어휘 분포를 이용하여 사상 후보군을 결정하고, 둘째, 계층 관계와 정의문과 용례를 이용하여 후보군들 간의 정확한 의미구분을 하며, 셋째, 상 하위-자매노드에 SJSC의 적정술어 및 정의문을 적용하여 LUB의 단계를 결정하고, 넷째, 양 의미체계의 계층관계를 비교함으로써 SJSC의 단말 노드와의 사상 여부를 판단하며, 마지막으로 KLN의 오류 및 전문용어 후보군은 사상에서 제외하였다. 이와같이 본 연구에서는 단계별 사상 준거의 설정에 있어 각 의미체계에 기술되어 있는 다양한 언어정보를 적극 이용하였는데, 이는 세밀한 수동 사상의 장점이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법으로 사상한 결과, SJSC의 474개의 단말 및 비단말 노드와 KLN의 신셋(synset) 간에는 중복을 제외하고 6,487개의 LUB가 사상되었으며, 각 LUB의 하위노드를 포함해서는 모두 88,255개의 KLN 신셋이 사상되어 전체적으로는 97.91%가 사상되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 정교한 한국어 통사 및 의미 분석에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to confirm validation and stability of concentration analysis method of pure melittin (Sweet Bee Venom-Sweet BV) extracted from the bee venom by utilizing protein isolation method of gel filtration. Methods : All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech, a non-clinical studies authorized institution, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Standard solutions of melittin (SIGMA, USA) and test substances were dispensed and were analyzed with HPLC for Sweet BV to secure the validation of analysis. Results : 1. Measurement of system suitability of Sweet BV satisfied criterion of below 3%. 2. Confirming Linearity of Sweet BV in 10-200${\mu}g/m\ell$ solution yielded correlation coefficient (r) of 0.995 and accuracy of 85-115% which satisfy criterion. 3. Measurement of Specificity of Sweet BV didn't yield any substance affecting the peak of test substances, but detected at 21.22min verified as the test substance. 4. Confirming Intra-day of Sweet BV, accuracy and precision of 0.1, 100${\mu}g/m\ell$ were 105.70, 95.81 and 0.66, 0.73, respectively, satisfying both criteria of accuracy (85-115%) and precision (within 10%). 5. To measure Stability in autosampler, all samples used in Intra-day reproducibility sat in the autosampler for five hours and were re-analyzed. Both variability and precision satisfied the criteria. 6. Homogeneity of Sweet BV (0.1, 100${\mu}g/m\ell$) at upper, middle, and lower layers all satisfied the accuracy and precision criteria. 7. Stability of Sweet BV (0.1, 100${\mu}g/m\ell$) at room temperature for four hours and refrigerated for 7 days all satisfied the criterion. 8. For the measurement of Quality control, QC samples measured on the first and eighth day all satisfied accuracy and precision criteria. Conclusion : Above experiment data satisfies validation and stability of concentration analysis method of Sweet BV.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.257-271
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• 2018

In this paper, the effect of the homogenization models on buckling and free vibration is presented for simply supported functionally graded plates (FGM) resting on elastic foundation. The majority of investigations developed in the last decade, explored the Voigt homogenization model to predict the effective proprieties of functionally graded materials at the macroscopic-scale for FGM mechanical behavior. For this reason, various models have been used to derive the effective proprieties of FGMs and simulate thereby their effects on the buckling and free vibration of FGM plates based on comparative studies that may differ in terms of several parameters. The refined plate theory, as used in this paper, is based on dividing the transverse displacement into both bending and shear components. This leads to a reduction in the number of unknowns and governing equations. Furthermore the present formulation utilizes a sinusoidal variation of displacement field across the thickness, and satisfies the stress-free boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate without requiring any shear correction factor. Equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions for the buckling and free vibration analysis are obtained for simply supported plates. The obtained results are compared with those predicted by other plate theories. This study shows the sensitivity of the obtained results to different homogenization models and that the results generated may vary considerably from one theory to another. Comprehensive visualization of results is provided. The analysis is relevant to aerospace, nuclear, civil and other structures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.187-212
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• 2015

In this paper, various four variable refined plate theories are presented to analyze vibration of temperature-dependent functionally graded (FG) plates. By dividing the transverse displacement into bending and shear parts, the number of unknowns and governing equations for the present model is reduced, significantly facilitating engineering analysis. These theories account for parabolic, sinusoidal, hyperbolic, and exponential distributions of the transverse shear strains and satisfy the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. Power law material properties and linear steady-state thermal loads are assumed to be graded along the thickness. Uniform, linear, nonlinear and sinusoidal thermal conditions are imposed at the upper and lower surface for simply supported FG plates. Equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions for the free vibration analysis are obtained based on Fourier series that satisfy the boundary conditions (Navier's method). Non-dimensional results are compared for temperature-dependent and temperature-independent FG plates and validated with known results in the literature. Numerical investigation is conducted to show the effect of material composition, plate geometry, and temperature fields on the vibration characteristics. It can be concluded that the present theories are not only accurate but also simple in predicting the free vibration responses of temperature-dependent FG plates.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.1533-1546
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• 2013

Wireless multicast is considered as an effective transmission mode for the future mobile social contact services supported by Long Time Evolution (LTE). Though wireless multicast has an excellent resource efficiency, its performance suffers deterioration from the channel condition and wireless resource availability. Cognitive Radio (CR) and Device to Device (D2D) are two solutions to provide potential resource. However, resource allocation for cognitive wireless multicast based on D2D is still a great challenge for LTE social networks. In this paper, a joint sub-carriers and power allocation model based on D2D for general cognitive radio multicast (CR-D2D-MC) is proposed for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) LTE systems. By opportunistically accessing the licensed spectrum, the maximized capacity for multiple cognitive multicast groups is achieved with the condition of the general scenario of imperfect spectrum sensing, the constrains of interference to primary users (PUs) and an upper-bound power of secondary users (SUs) acting as multicast source nodes. Furthermore, the fairness for multicast groups or unicast terminals is guaranteed by setting a lower-bound number of the subcarriers allocated to cognitive multicast groups. Lagrange duality algorithm is adopted to obtain the optimal solution to the proposed CR-D2D-MC model. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the performance of cognitive multicast groups and achieves a good balance between capacity and fairness.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.193-196
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• 2011

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/ bismuth ferrite (BFO) multilayer thin films have been fabricated by the spin-coating method on Pt(200 nm)/Ti(10 nm)/$SiO_2$(100 nm)/p-Si(100) substrates using $BiFeO_3$ and $Pb(Zr_{0.52}Ti_{0.48})O_3$ metal alkoxide solutions. The PZT/BFO multilayer thin films show a uniform and void-free grain structure, and the grain size is smaller than that of PZT single films. The reason for this is assumed to be that the lower BFO layers play an important role as a nucleation site or seed layer for the formation of homogeneous and uniform upper PZT layers. The dielectric constant and dielectric losses decreased with increasing number of coatings, and the six-layer PZT/BFO thin film has good properties of 162 (dielectric constant) and 0.017 (dielectric losses) at 1 kHz. The remnant polarization and coercive field of three-layer PZT/BFO thin films were 13.86 ${\mu}C/cm^2$ and 37 kV/cm respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.471-483
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• 2023

This paper presents an analytical hyperbolic theory based on the refined shear deformation theory for mechanical stability analysis of the simply supported advanced composites plates (exponentially, sigmoidal and power-law graded) under triangular, trapezoidal and uniform uniaxial and biaxial loading. The developed model ensures the boundary condition of the zero transverse stresses at the top and bottom surfaces without using the correction factor as first order shear deformation theory. The mathematical formulation of displacement contains only four unknowns in which the transverse deflection is divided to shear and bending components. The current study includes the effect of the geometric imperfection of the material. The modeling of the micro-void presence in the structure is based on the both true and apparent density formulas in which the porosity will be dense in the mid-plane and zero in the upper and lower surfaces (free surface) according to a logarithmic function. The analytical solutions of the uniaxial and biaxial critical buckling load are determined by solving the differential equilibrium equations of the system with the help of the Navier's method. The correctness and the effectiveness of the proposed HyRPT is confirmed by comparing the results with those found in the open literature which shows the high performance of this model to predict the stability characteristics of the FG structures employed in various fields. Several parametric analyses are performed to extract the most influenced parameters on the mechanical stability of this type of advanced composites plates.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.155-165
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• 1994

Some mucoadhesive polymers such as hydroxypropylcelluose (HPC) and carbopol-934 (CP) have been employed for the preparation of mucoadhesive polymeric systems, and their physical properties including mucoadhesion, swelling, and drug release were evaluated. A new simple experimental technique that can quantitatively measure the bioadhesive properties of various polymeric systems has been developed by the methods of detachment force test. As the polymeric systems, the discs of freeze-dried HPC/CP solid dispersions were prepared. The mucosa used in these tests were upper, middle, and lower parts of small intestine of male rats weighing $300{\sim}350\;g$. Detachment forces were increased as the mole fraction of CP increased in discs of HPC/CP solid dispersions. In the points of intestinal site dependence of mucoadhesion, the solid dispersions revealed non-specific mucoadhesion to the intestine. Swelling and drug release characteristics of mucoadhesive polymeric systems were studied extensively to find out the feasibility for the oral controlled delivery systems. Swelling ratio, expressed as the final height/initial height, has been determined in various pH buffer solutions. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) was employed as a model drug for release study. Apparent swelling and drug release rate constants, $K_s$ and $K_r$ respectively, were obtained from the square-root time plot of either swelling ratio or released amount of drug, particularly for the time periods before reaching the equilibrium. As a result, the swelling ratio of HPC/CP solid dispersions was increased as the weight percentage of CP increased. Similarly, the release of HCT from the solid dispersions was dependent on pH changes and CP contents, resulted in the slower release of HCT with the increases of pH and CP contents.