• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제51권4호
• /
• pp.619-632
• /
• 2023

Purpose: The main function of INS (Inertial Navigation System) is to measure the position of an armed vehicle and its performance is confirmed through the positioning accuracy test of Korean Defense Standards (KDS). The current standards, however, do not provide clear test methods and the conditions for performing positioning accuracy tests. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to develop a new method for positioning accuracy test which would be effective. Methods: In this study, a new INS positioning accuracy test method is suggested based on the analysis of test data collected through a statistical experiment known as central composite design. For the positioning accuracy experiment of K105A1, a self-propelled artillery, two factors of driving velocity and driving distance are considered. Results: Based on the analysis of experimental data, a regression model for the positioning error is fitted and the positioning accuracy test of INS is so developed to maximize the positioning error. The standard proximity rate is used as an additional test criterion to evaluate the performance level of INS. Conclusion: The proposed new positioning accuracy test for INS has the advantage of finding the nonconforming items effectively. It is also expected to be utilized for the other similar INS positioning accuracy tests.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.561-567
• /
• 1993

The twelve macrocycle (L) complexes of cadmium(II) nitrate have been synthesized: $CdL(NO_3)_2$. All the complexes have been indentified by elemental analysis, electric conductivity measurements, IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molar electric conductivities of the complexes in water and acetonitrile solvent were in the range of 236.8-296.1 $cm^2{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}ohm^{-1}$ at 25$^{\circ}$C. The characteristic peaks of macrocycles affected from Cd(II) were shifted to lower frequencies as compared with uncomplexed macrocycles. A complex with 1,4,8,11-tetrakis(methylacetato)-1,4,8,11-tetraaza cyclodecane (L4) exhibited two characteristic bands such as strong stretching (1646 $cm^{-1})$, and weaker symmetric stretching band (1384 $cm^{-1})$. NMR studies indicated that all nitrogen donor atoms of macrocycles have greater affinity to cadmium(II) metal ion than do the oxygen atoms. The $^{13}$C-resonance lines of methylene groups neighboring the donor atom such as N and S were shifted to a direction of high magnetic field and the order of chemical shifts were $L_1 < L_2 < L_3 < L_6 < L_4$. Also the chemical shifts values were larger than those of methylene groups bridgeheaded in side-armed groups. This result seems due to not only the strong interaction of Cd(Ⅱ) with nitrogen donors according to the HSAB theory, but weak interaction of Cd(Ⅱ) and COO- ions or sulfur which is enhanced by the flexible methylene spacing group in side-armed groups. Thus, each additional gem-methyl pairs of L_3, L_4\;and\; L_6$ macrocycles relative to $L_1, L_2,\;and\;L_5$ leads to an large enhancement in Cd(II) affinity. ^{13}C$-NMR spectrum of the complex with $L_{12}$ (1,5,9,13-tetracyclothiacyclohexadecane-3,11-diol) reveals the presence of two sets of three resonance lines, and intensities of the each resonance line have the ratio of 1 : 2 : 2. This molecular conformation is predicted as structure of tetragonal complex to be formed by coordinating two sulfur atoms and the other two sulfur atoms which is affected by OH-groups.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 1982

For this study, the authors obtained and examined anterior views of the liver and spleen in two different positions, upright and supine, of 39 normal subjects and 20 patients with hepaticpathology by means of $^{99m}Tc-colloid$ and gamma camera. This examination confirms the following findings. In general, it is shown, left lobe of the liver in upright position becomes longer in height than in supine position, while the distance between lateral margin of the liver and that of the spleen becomes father in with in supine position than in upright position. The upper margin of liver moves more downward in upright position than in supine. It is noticeable that as for 5 cases with severe chronic liver disease, there is minimal alteration of the liver shape between in two positions. The comparison of the both positions for the better liver scan shows the following finding. Prominent caudate and/or left lobe are marked in the upright position in 16 cases out of the total 59, while none is found in the supine. The false cold area in lower part of the liver disappears in 7 cases in the upright position, while only one shows the disappeance of the false cold area in the supine. Left liver margin due to close contact of spleen is blurred in 3 cases in the upright position. In total 23 cases out of 59 support that the upright position is better for the liver scan, while only 4 cases support the supine position is better. These findings support two assumptions. One is that upright view can bo expected more improved resoluton than supine view for liver scan. Second is that minimal change of the liver shape in both views indicate the serious abnormality in the liver.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2005

The taxonomic status of three closely related species of the genus Sphacelaria, S. rigidula Kützing, S. fusca (Hudson) C.F Gray and S. didichotoma Saunders was reassessed on the basis of morphological observations from herbarium specimens and phylogenetic analysis of RUBISCO spacer sequences. Sphacelaria rigidula was characterized by having only 2-armed propagules and somewhat slender filaments. Culture experiments revealed that its propagules commonly formed secondary arms, even though they were rarely produced in the field. It is concluded that S. divaricata Montagne characterized by dichotomously branched arms in propagules shoud be synonymized with S. rigidula, based on propagule morphology and measurements. Sphacelaria fusca clearly be separated from S. rigidula by having 2-4 armed propagules. These morphological differences were highly supported by the differences in the RUBISCO spacer sequences. S. didichotoma resembles S. rigidula in having propagules with two dichotomously branched arms. However, it commonly produces the secondary arms in the field. Additionally, this species has shorter primary arms than S. rigidula. Phylogenetic analyses supported the distinction of S. didichotoma from S. rigidula. The northwestern Pacific plants, previously recorded as S. divaricata, were recognized as S. didichotoma.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• 제42권
• /
• pp.34.1-34.7
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of biodegradable polycaprolactone membrane on new bone formation and the biodegradation of biphasic alloplastic bone substitutes using animal models. Materials and methods: In this study, bony defect was formed at the canine mandible of 8 mm in diameter, and the defects were filled with Osteon II. The experimental groups were covered with Osteoguide as barrier membrane, and the control groups were closed without membrane coverage. The proportion of new bone and residual bone graft material was measured histologically and histomorphometrically at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks. Results: At 4 weeks, the new bone proportion was similar between the groups. The proportion of remaining graft volume was 27.58 ± 6.26 and 20.01 ± 4.68% on control and experimental groups, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in new bone formation and the amount of residual bone graft material at 8 weeks. Conclusion: The biopolymer membrane contributes to early biodegradation of biphasic bone substitutes in the jaw defect but it does not affect the bone formation capacity of the bone graft.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2024

In this paper, we deal with a game theoretic problem to explore interactions between evasive Artificial Intelligence (AI) malware and detectors in Internet of Things (IoT). Evasive AI malware is defined as malware having capability of eluding detection by exploiting artificial intelligence such as machine learning and deep leaning. Detectors are defined as IoT devices participating in detection of evasive AI malware in IoT. They can be separated into two groups such that one group of detectors can be armed with detection capability powered by AI, the other group cannot be armed with it. Evasive AI malware can take three strategies of Non-attack, Non-AI attack, AI attack. To cope with these strategies of evasive AI malware, detector can adopt three strategies of Non-defense, Non-AI defense, AI defense. We formulate a Bayesian game theoretic model with these strategies employed by evasive AI malware and detector. We derive pure strategy Bayesian Nash Equilibria in a single stage game from the formulated Bayesian game theoretic model. Our devised work is useful in the sense that it can be used as a basic game theoretic model for developing AI malware detection schemes.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.199-203
• /
• 2004

The gas response to a proposed spiral stellar pattern for our Galaxy is presented here as calculated via 2D hydrodynamic calculations utilizing the ZEUS code in the disk plane. The locus is that found by Drimmel (2000) from emission profiles in the K band and at 240 ${\mu}m$. The self-consistency of the stellar spiral pattern was studied in previous work (see Martos et al. 2004). It is a sensitive function of the pattern rotation speed, $\Omega$p, among other parameters which include the mass in the spiral and its pitch angle. Here we further discuss the complex gaseous response found there for plausible values of $\Omega$p in our Galaxy, and argue that its value must be close to $20 km s^{-l}\;kpc^{-1}$ from the strong self-consistency criterion and other recent, independent studies which depend on such parameter. However, other values of $\Omega$p that have been used in the literature are explored to study the gas response to the stellar (K band) 2-armed pattern. For our best fit values, the gaseous response to the 2-armed pattern displayed in the K band is a four-armed pattern with complex features in the interarm regions. This response resembles the optical arms observed in the Milky Way and other galaxies with the smooth underlying two-armed pattern of the old stellar disk populations in our interpretation. The complex gaseous response appears to be related to resonances in stellar orbits. Among them, the 4:1 resonance is paramount for the axisymmetric Galactic model employed, and the set of parameters explored. In the regime seemingly proper to our Galaxy, the spiral forcing appears to be marginally strong in the sense that the 4:1 resonance terminates the stellar pattern, despite its relatively low amplitude. In current work underway, the response for low values of $\Omega$p tends to remove most of the rich structure found for the optimal self-consistent model and the gaseous pattern is ring-like. For higher values than the optimal, more features and a multi-arm structure appears.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.41-68
• /
• 2011

이 글은 공전규범상 국제적 무력충돌 상황에서 군전투기가 특히 공대공 상황에서 취해야 하는 사전예방조치의 법리와 쟁점을 다루고 있다. 그러나 이러한 논의를 어렵게 하는 것은 현행 공전규범체제가 단일 조약의 형태와 같은 독립적인 체제를 가지고 있지 못하다는 것이다. 현행 공전규범은 국제관습법의 형태와 1949년 4개의 제네바협약 및 2개의 추가의정서에 사안에 따라 관련 규정을 마련하거나 특정 원칙이나 규정을 준용하는 형태로 존재하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 따라서 필연적으로 공전규범체제의 내용은 다소 명확하지 아니하며 그 해석과 적용에 있어 분쟁을 야기하기도 한다. 이에 이 글은 조약으로 존재하는 1949년 제네바협약 제1추가의정서의 관련 규정뿐 아니라 비교적 최근 작성된 하버드대학교의 "공전 및 미사일전에 적용 가능한 국제법에 대한 매뉴얼, ICAO매뉴얼 등의 문서를 같이 고려하면서 사전예방조치와 관련한 규범과 관련쟁점을 살피고 있다. 이러한 연구를 통해 아울러 국제공전규범의 발전 메커니즘의 특징을 국제항공법규범과 공전규범 사이의 상호 영향과 관계를 조망하고 있다.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.31.1-31.1
• /
• 2017

Spiral structure in disk galaxies is modeled with ncollisionless N-body simulations including live disks, halos, and bulges with a range of masses. Two of these simulations make long-lasting and strong two-arm spiral wave modes that last for about 5 Gyr with constant pattern speed. These two had a light stellar disk and the largest values of the Toomre Q parameter in the inner region at the time the spirals formed, suggesting the presence of a Q-barrier to wave propagation resulting from the bulge. The relative bulge mass in these cases is about 10%. Models with weak two-arm spirals had pattern speeds that followed the radial dependence of the Inner Lindblad Resonance. In addition to these, we also report a few more cases where two-armed spirals are developed and are maintained for a several rotation time scales.

• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.64-80
• /
• 2003

According to the study of TQM implementations, the odds that an organization will successfully implement total quality management are two to one­against it. However, organizations armed with knowledge of the factors that have the biggest impact on their success can take steps to influence or change those factors. In this paper, we first are reviewed those rewards factors through literature study and gave the test for them in the Korean industry. This study also proposes that appropriate successful rewards factors are necessary for TQM implementations.